Heterocyclic analgesic compounds and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

One aspect of the present invention relates to novel heterocyclic compounds. A second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the novel heterocyclic compounds as ligands for various cellular receptors, including opiate receptors, other G-protein-coupled receptors, and ion channels. An additional aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the novel heterocyclic compounds as analgesics.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to: U.S.Provisional Patent Application serial No. 60/195,809, filed Apr. 11,2000; U.S. Provisional Patent Application serial No. 60/168,979, filedDec. 3, 1999; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application serial No.60/135,721, filed May 25, 1999.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Pain is an unpleasant sensation varying in severity in a localpart of the body or several parts of the body resulting from injury,disease, or emotional disorder. Pain can be classified according to itsduration. Acute pain, which lasts less than one month, usually has areadily identifiable cause and signals tissue damage. In addition, acutepain syndromes can be episodic, for example recurrent discomfort fromarthritis. Chronic pain can be defined as pain that persists more thanone month beyond the usual course of an acute illness or injury, or painthat recurs at intervals over months or years, or pain that isassociated with a chronic pathologic process. In contrast to acute pain,chronic pain loses its adaptive biologic function. Depression is common,and abnormal illness behavior often compounds the patient's impairment.

[0003] Millions of people suffer from chronic or intractable pain.Persistent pain varies in etiology and presentation. In some cases,symptoms and signs may be evident within a few weeks to a few monthsafter the occurrence of an injury or the onset of disease, e.g. canceror AIDS. Like many illnesses that at one time were not well understood,pain and its many manifestations may be poorly treated and seriouslyunderestimated. Inappropriately treated pain seriously compromises thepatient's quality of life, causing emotional suffering and increasingthe risk of lost livelihood and disrupted social integration. Severechronic pain affects both the pediatric and adult population, and oftenleads to mood disorders, including depression and, in rare cases,suicide.

[0004] In the last several years, health policy-makers, healthprofessionals, regulators, and the public have become increasinglyinterested in the provision of better pain therapies. This interest isevidenced, in part, by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services'dissemination of Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management ofacute pain and cancer pain. There is currently no nationally acceptedconsensus for the treatment of chronic pain not due to cancer, yet theeconomic and social costs of chronic pain are substantial, withestimates ranging in the tens of billions of dollars annually.

[0005] Three general classes of drugs are currently available for painmanagement, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatories, opioids, and adjuvantanalgesics. The nonsteriodal anti-inflammatories class includes drugssuch as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, acetaminophen, celecoxib, androfecoxib. The opioid class includes morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, andpentazocine. Adjuvant analgesics include various antidepressants,anticonvulsants, neuroleptics, and corticosteroids.

[0006] Opioids are the major class of analgesics used in the managementof moderate to severe pain because of their effectiveness, ease oftitration, and favorable risk-to-benefit ratio. Opioids produceanalgesia by binding to specific receptors both within and outside theCNS. Opioid analgesics are classified as full agonists, partialagonists, or mixed agonist-antagonists, depending on the receptors towhich they bind and their intrinsic activities at each receptor.

[0007] Three subclasses of opioid receptor have been identified inhumans, namely the δ- , κ-, and μ-opioid receptors. Analgesia is thoughtto involve activation of μ and/or κ receptors. Notwithstanding their lowselectivity for μ over κ receptors, it is likely that morphine andmorphine-like opioid agonists produce analgesia primarily throughinteraction with μ receptors; selective agonists of κ receptors inhumans produce analgesia, because rather than the euphoria associatedwith morphine and congeners, these compounds often produce dysphoria andpsychotomimetic effects. The consequences of activating δ receptors inhumans remain unclear.

[0008] Although opioids can be very effective in pain management, theydo cause several side effects, such as respiratory depression,constipation, physical dependence, tolerance, withdraw. These unwantedeffects can severely limit their use.

[0009] Opioids are known to produce respiratory depression that isproportional to their analgesia. This respiratory depression can be lifethreatening. This results in a narrow range between the effective doseand a dose that produces respiratory depression. Because of this narrowtherapeutic index, patients receiving opioid therapy must be closelymonitored for signs of respiratory failure.

[0010] Opioids can also cause constipation in individuals receivingthem. This side effect can be severe and may require prolongedhospitalization, or even surgical intervention.

[0011] Commonly used full agonists include morphine, hydromorphone,meperidine, methadone, levorphanol, and fentanyl. These opioids areclassified as full agonists because there is not a ceiling to theiranalgesic efficacy, nor will they reverse or antagonize the effects ofother opioids within this class when given simultaneously. Side effectsinclude respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, urinary retention,confusion, and sedation. Morphine is the most commonly used opioid formoderate to severe pain because of its availability in a wide variety ofdosage forms, its well-characterized pharmacokinetics andpharmacodynamics, and its relatively low cost. Meperidine may be usefulfor brief courses (e.g., a few days) to treat acute pain and to managerigors (shivering) induced by medication, but it generally should beavoided in patients with cancer because of its short duration of action(2.5 to 3.5 hours) and its toxic metabolite, normeperidine. Thismetabolite accumulates, particularly when renal function is impaired,and causes CNS stimulation, which may lead to dysphoria, agitation, andseizures; meperidine, therefore, should not be used if continued opioiduse is anticipated.

[0012] The development of physical dependence with repeated use is acharacteristic feature of the opioid drugs, and the possibility ofdeveloping drug dependence is one of the major limitations of theirclinical use. Almost all opioid users rapidly develop drug dependencywhich can lead to apathy, weight loss, loss of sex drive, anxiety,insomnia, and drug cravings. Although physical dependence is common,addiction and abuse are not common in pain patients who are treatedappropriately with opioid drugs.

[0013] Historically, the development of analgesic tolerance was believedto limit the ability to use opioids efficaciously on a long-term basisfor pain management. Tolerance, or decreasing pain relief with the samedosage over time, has not proven to be a prevalent limitation tolong-term opioid use. Experience with treating cancer pain has shownthat what initially appears to be tolerance is usually progression ofthe disease. Furthermore, for most opioids, there does not appear to bean arbitrary upper dosage limit, as was once thought.

[0014] Cessation of opioid administration may result in a withdrawalsyndrome. Symptoms of withdrawal are often the opposite of the effectsachieved by the drug; withdrawal from morphine, however, results incomplex symptoms that may seem unrelated to its effects.Misunderstanding of addiction and mislabeling of patients as addictsresult in unnecessary withholding of opioid medications. Addiction is acompulsive disorder in which an individual becomes preoccupied withobtaining and using a substance, the continued use of which results in adecreased quality of life. Studies indicate that the de novo developmentof addiction is low when opioids are used for the relief of pain.Furthermore, even opioid addicts can benefit from the carefullysupervised, judicious use of opioids for the treatment of pain due tocancer, surgery, or recurrent painful illnesses such as sickle celldisease.

[0015] The known opioids have been very effective in pain management.However, they have restricted use because of several potentially severeside effects. Therefore, there is a current need for pharmaceuticalagents that retain the analgesic properties of the known opioid, butthat have reduced side effect profiles.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] One aspect of the present invention relates to novel heterocycliccompounds. A second aspect of the present invention relates to the useof the novel heterocyclic compounds as ligands for various cellularreceptors, including opiate receptors, other G-protein-coupledreceptors, and ion channels. An additional aspect of the presentinvention relates to the use of the novel heterocyclic compounds asanalgesics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0017]FIG. 1 depicts schematically the combinatorial library describedin Example 77, and the reactants, reagents and conditions used toprepare it.

[0018]FIG. 2 presents the ED₅₀s for certain compounds of the presentinvention, morphine and fentanyl when administered i.v. to mice and rats(See Example 79).

[0019]FIG. 3 depicts the changes in pO₂ and pCO₂ levels in rats causedby the i.v. administration of certain compounds of the presentinvention, morphine and fentanyl. Changes in these blood gases can beused as an indication of respiratory depression in the rats.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0020] Pain is an unpleasant sensation varying in severity in a localpart of the body or several parts of the body resulting from injury,disease, or emotional disorder. Pain can be classified according to itsduration. Acute pain, which lasts less than one month, usually has areadily identifiable cause (e.g., hip fracture) and signals tissuedamage. The associated effect is often anxiety, and the concomitantphysiologic findings are those of sympathetic stimulation (e.g.,tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis). In addition, acute pain syndromescan be episodic, for example recurrent discomfort from arthritis.

[0021] Chronic pain can be defined as pain that persists more than onemonth beyond the usual course of an acute illness or injury, or painthat recurs at intervals over months or years, or pain that isassociated with a chronic pathologic process. In contrast to acute pain,chronic pain loses its adaptive biologic function. Depression is common,and abnormal illness behavior often compounds the patient's impairment.Chronic pain can be divided broadly into that which is inferred to bepredominantly somatogenic and that which is inferred to be predominantlypsychogenic. A similar classification based on inferred pathophysiologydesignates chronic pain as nociceptive (commensurate with ongoingactivation of pain-sensitive nerve fibers), neuropathic (due to aberrantsomatosensory processing in afferent neural pathways), or psychogenic.

[0022] Nociceptive pain can be somatic or visceral. Most chronic pain inthe elderly is nociceptive and somatic; arthritis, cancer pain, andmyofascial pain are most common. Relief is likely with removal of theperipheral cause (e.g., reducing periarticular inflammation), andanalgesic drugs are often effective.

[0023] A common subtype of neuropathic pain, known collectively asperipheral neuropathic pain, is presumably sustained by mechanisms thatinvolve disturbances in the peripheral nerve or nerve root; neuromaformation after axonal injury and nerve compression are the two majorprocesses. Another subtype of neuropathic pain is related to thereorganization of nociceptive information processing by the CNS; itpersists without ongoing activation of pain-sensitive fibers. This typeof pain, known collectively as the deafferentation syndromes, includespostherpetic neuralgia, central pain (which can result from a lesion atany level of the CNS), phantom limb pain, and others. A third subtype ofneuropathic pain, often called sympathetically maintained pain, can beameliorated by interruption of sympathetic nerves to the painful area;the prototypic disorder is reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The precisemechanisms involved in these disorders are conjectural, but all canproduce an unfamiliar pain, often described as burning and stabbing.Currently, this type of pain responds poorly to analgesics.

[0024] Some patients have persistent pain without either nociceptivefoci or evidence of a neuropathic mechanism for the pain. Many othershave nociceptive lesions that do not sufficiently explain the degree ofpain and disability. Psychopathologic processes account for thesecomplaints in some patients. If no evidence for a psychological cause isfound, the pain is referred to as idiopathic. Many patients have anidiopathic pain syndrome that is best described by the generic diagnosischronic nonmalignant pain syndrome, a term denoting pain and disabilitydisproportionate to an identifiable somatic cause and usually related toa more pervasive set of abnormal illness behaviors. Some of thesepatients may be labeled by the more formal psychiatric diagnosis ofsomatoform pain disorder. Others have complaints that constitute aspecific pain diagnosis, most commonly the failed low back syndrome oratypical facial pain. Still others have significant organic lesions(e.g., lumbar arachnoiditis) but also have a clear psychologicalcontribution associated with excessive disability. Diagnosis may bedifficult, but the relative contributions of both organic andpsychological components of the pain can be defined.

[0025] Another clinically useful classification of chronic pain isbroadly syndromic. For example, chronic pain may be part of a medicalillness (e.g., cancer or arthritis). A mixture of pathophysiologicmechanisms may be involved; e.g., tumor invasion of nerve and bone maycause neuropathic and somatic nociceptive pains, respectively, andpsychological factors may be prominent.

[0026] Three general classes of drugs are currently available for painmanagement, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatories, opioids, and adjuvantanalgesics. The nonsteriodal anti-inflammatories class includes drugssuch as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, acetaminophen, and rofecoxib.The opioid class includes morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, andpentazocine. Adjuvant analgesics include various antidepressants,anticonvulsants, neuroleptics, and corticosteroids.

[0027] Of the three classes of pharmaceutical agents used for painmanagement, opioid are usually most efficacious for treating moderate tosevere pain. Although opioids can be very effective in pain management,they do cause several side effects, such as respiratory depression,constipation, physical dependence, tolerance, withdraw. These unwantedeffects can severely limit their use. Therefore, there is a current needfor pharmaceutical agents that retain the analgesic properties of theknown opioid, but have reduced side effect profiles for the treatment ofpain.

[0028] Opioids, specifically ligands for the ti-opioid receptor, are themajor class of analgesics used in the management of moderate to severepain because of their effectiveness, ease of titration, and favorablerisk-to-benefit ratio. Unfortunately, the opioids currently availablehave several unwanted side-effects, such as respiratory depression andconstipation. In addition, these agents may lead to tolerance anddependence. Research into the development of new, selective ligands foropioid receptors holds the promise of yielding potent analgesics thatlack the side effects of morphine and its congeners. Applicants hereindisclose novel analgesics, including selective ligands for opioidreceptors. Individual compounds described herein promise to haveagonistic, antagonistic, and hybrid effects on opioid and other cellularreceptors. Additionally, new compounds reported herein may possessanalgesic properties free from respiratory depression and the potentialfor physical dependence associated with ti-opioid receptor ligands, suchas morphine and fentanyl. Moreover, new compounds reported herein maypossess properties for the treatment of physical or psychologicaladditions, psychiatric disorders, and neurological pathologies, such astinnitus.

[0029] The μ-opioid receptor is a member of a family of cell surfaceproteins that permit intracellular transduction of extracellularsignals. Cell surface proteins provide eukaryotic and prokaryotic cellsa means to detect extracellular signals and transduce such signalsintracellularly in a manner that ultimately results in a cellularresponse or a concerted tissue or organ response. Cell surface proteins,by intracellularly transmitting information regarding the extracellularenvironment via specific intracellular pathways induce an appropriateresponse to a particular stimulus. The response may be immediate andtransient, slow and sustained, or some mixture thereof. By virtue of anarray of varied membrane surface proteins, eukaryotic cells areexquisitely sensitive to their environment.

[0030] Extracellular signal molecules, such as growth hormones,vasodilators and neurotransmitters, exert their effects, at least inpart, via interaction with cell surface proteins. For example, someextracellular signal molecules cause changes in transcription of targetgene via changes in the levels of secondary messengers, such as cAMP.Other signals, indirectly alter gene expression by activating theexpression of genes, such as immediate-early genes that encoderegulatory proteins, which in turn activate expression of other genesthat encode transcriptional regulatory proteins. For example, neurongene expression is modulated by numerous extracellular signals,including neurotransmitters and membrane electrical activity.Transsynaptic signals cause rapid responses in neurons that occur over aperiod of time ranging from milleseconds, such as the opening ofligandgated channels, to seconds and minutes, such as secondmessenger-mediated events. Genes in neural cells that are responsive totranssynaptic stimulation and membrane electrical activity, includegenes, called immediate early genes, whose transcription is activatedrapidly, within minutes, and transiently (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (1990)Neuron 4: 477-485), and genes whose expression requires proteinsynthesis and whose expression is induced or altered over the course ofhours.

[0031] Cell surface receptors and ion channels are among the cellsurface proteins that respond to extracellular signals and initiate theevents that lead to this varied gene expression and response. Ionchannels and cell surface-localized receptors are ubiquitous andphysiologically important cell surface membrane proteins. They play acentral role in regulating intracellular levels of various ions andchemicals, many of which are important for cell viability and function.

[0032] Cell surface-localized receptors are membrane spanning proteinsthat bind extracellular signalling molecules or changes in theextracellular environment and transmit the signal via signaltransduction pathways to effect a cellular response. Cell surfacereceptors bind circulating signal polypeptides, such asneurotransmitters, growth factors and hormones, as the initiating stepin the induction of numerous intracellular pathways. Receptors areclassified on the basis of the particular type of pathway that isinduced. Included among these classes of receptors are those that bindgrowth factors and have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, such as theheparin binding growth factor (HBGF) receptors, and those that couple toeffector proteins through guanine nucleotide binding regulatoryproteins, which are referred to as G protein coupled receptors and Gproteins, respectively.

[0033] The G protein transmembrane signaling pathways consist of threeproteins: receptors, G proteins and effectors. G proteins, which are theintermediaries in transmembrane signaling pathways, are heterodimers andconsist of alpha, beta and gamma subunits. Among the members of a familyof G proteins the alpha subunits differ. Functions of G proteins areregulated by the cyclic association of GTP with the alpha subunitfollowed by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and dissociation of GDP.

[0034] G protein coupled receptors are a diverse class of receptors thatmediate signal transduction by binding to G proteins. Signaltransduction is initiated via ligand binding to the cell membranereceptor, which stimulates binding of the receptor to the G protein. Thereceptor G protein interaction releases GDP, which is specifically boundto the G protein, and permits the binding of GTP, which activates the Gprotein. Activated G protein dissociates from the receptor and activatesthe effector protein, which regulates the intracellular levels ofspecific second messengers. Examples of such effector proteins includeadenyl cyclase, guanyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and others.

[0035] G protein-coupled receptors, which are glycoproteins, are knownto share certain structural similarities and homologies (see, e-g.,Gilman, A. G., Ann. Rev. Biochem.56: 615-649 (1987), Strader, C. D. etal. The FASEB Journal 3: 1825-1832 (1989), Kobilka, B. K., et al. Nature329:75-79 (1985) and Young et al. Cell 45: 711-719 (1986)). Among the Gprotein-coupled receptors that have been identified and cloned are thesubstance P receptor, the angiotensin receptor, the alpha- andbeta-adrenergic receptors and the serotonin receptors. G protein-coupledreceptors share a conserved structural motif. The general and commonstructural features of the G protein-coupled receptors are the existenceof seven hydrophobic stretches of about 20-25 amino acids eachsurrounded by eight hydrophilic regions of variable length. It has beenpostulated that each of the seven hydrophobic regions forms atransmembrane alpha helix and the intervening hydrophilic regions formalternately intracellularly and extracellularly exposed loops. The thirdcytosolic loop between transmembrane domains five and six is theintracellular domain responsible for the interaction with G proteins.

[0036] G protein-coupled receptors are known to be inducible. Thisinducibility was originally described in lower eukaryotes. For example,the cAMP receptor of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium, is inducedduring differentiation (Klein et al., Science 241: 1467-1472 (1988).During the Dictyostelium discoideum differentiation pathway, cAMP,induces high level expression of its G protein-coupled receptor. Thisreceptor transduces the signal to induce the expression of the othergenes involved in chemotaxis, which permits multicellular aggregates toalign, organize and form stalks (see, Firtel, R. A., et al. Cell 58:235-239 (1989) and Devreotes, P., Science 245: 1054-1058 (1989)).

[0037] Definitions

[0038] For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification,examples, and appended claims are collected here.

[0039] The abbreviation “CNS” refers to the central nervous system of anorganism.

[0040] The term “cell surface proteins” includes molecules that occur onthe surface of cells, interact with the extracellular environment, andtransmit or transduce information regarding the environmentintracellularly.

[0041] The term “extracellular signals” includes a molecule or a changein the environment that is transduced intracellularly via cell surfaceproteins that interact, directly or indirectly, with the signal. Anextracellular signal is any compound or substance that in some mannerspecifically alters the activity of a cell surface protein. Examples ofsuch signals include, but are not limited to, molecules such asacetylcholine, growth factors, hormones and other mitogenic substances,such as phorbol mistric acetate (PMA), that bind to cell surfacereceptors and ion channels and modulate the activity of such receptorsand channels. Extracellular signals also includes as yet unidentifiedsubstances that modulate the activity of a cell surface protein andthereby affect intracellular functions and that are potentialpharmacological agents that may be used to treat specific diseases bymodulating the activity of specific cell surface receptors.

[0042] The term “ED₅₀” means the dose of a drug which produces 50% ofits maximum response or effect. Alternatively, the dose which produces apre-determined response in 50% of test subjects or preparations.

[0043] The term “LD₅₀” means the dose of a drug which is lethal in 50%of test subjects.

[0044] The term “therapeutic index” refers to the therapeutic index of adrug defined as LD₅₀/ED₅₀.

[0045] The term “structure-activity relationship (SAR)” refers to theway in which altering the molecular structure of drugs alters theirinteraction with a receptor, enzyme, etc.

[0046] The term “agonist” refers to a compound that mimics the action ofnatural transmitter or, when the natural transmitter is not known,causes changes at the receptor complex in the absence of other receptorligands.

[0047] The terms “inverse agonist” and “negative antagonist” refer tocompounds that are selective ligands for an inactive form of a cellularreceptor which exists as an equilibrating mixture of active and inactiveforms.

[0048] The term “antagonist” refers to a compound that binds to areceptor site, but does not cause any physiological changes unlessanother receptor ligand is present.

[0049] The term “competitive antagonist” refers to a compound that bindsto a receptor site; its effects can be overcome by increasedconcentration of the agonist.

[0050] The term “partial agonist” refers to a compound that binds to areceptor site but does not produce the maximal effect regardless of itsconcentration.

[0051] The term “ligand” refers to a compound that binds at the receptorsite.

[0052] The term “heteroatom” as used herein means an atom of any elementother than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are boron,nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium.

[0053] The term “electron-withdrawing group” is recognized in the art,and denotes the tendency of a substituent to attract valence electronsfrom neighboring atoms, i.e., the substituent is electronegative withrespect to neighboring atoms. A quantification of the level ofelectron-withdrawing capability is given by the Hammett sigma (σ)constant. This well known constant is described in many references, forinstance, J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill BookCompany, New York, (1977 edition) pp. 251-259. The Hammett constantvalues are generally negative for electron donating groups (σ[P]=−0.66for NH₂) and positive for electron withdrawing groups (σ[P]=0.78 for anitro group), σ[P] indicating para substitution. Exemplaryelectron-withdrawing groups include nitro, acyl, formyl, sulfonyl,trifluoromethyl, cyano, chloride, and the like. Exemplaryelectron-donating groups include amino, methoxy, and the like.

[0054] The term “alkyl” refers to the radical of saturated aliphaticgroups, including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkylgroups, cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkylgroups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups. In preferredembodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewercarbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₁-C₃₀ for straight chain, C₃-C₃₀for branched chain), and more preferably 20 or fewer. Likewise,preferred cycloalkyls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ringstructure, and more preferably have 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ringstructure.

[0055] Moreover, the term “alkyl” (or “lower alkyl”) as used throughoutthe specification, examples, and claims is intended to include both“unsubstituted alkyls” and “substituted alkyls”, the latter of whichrefers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on oneor more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents caninclude, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as acarboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (suchas a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, aphosphoryl, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, anamidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhiydryl, analkylthio, a sulfate,,a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, asulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromaticmoiety. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that themoieties substituted on the hydrocarbon chain can themselves besubstituted, if appropriate. For instance, the substituents of asubstituted alkyl may include substituted and unsubstituted forms ofamino, azido, imino, amido, phosphoryl (including phosphonate andphosphinate), sulfonyl (including sulfate, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl andsulfonate), and silyl groups, as well as ethers, alkylthios, carbonyls(including ketones, aldehydes, carboxylates, and esters), —CF₃, —CN andthe like. Exemplary substituted alkyls are described below. Cycloalkylscan be further substituted with alkyls, alkenyls, alkoxys, alkylthios,aminoalkyls, carbonyl-substituted alkyls, —CF₃, —CN, and the like.

[0056] The term “aralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl groupsubstituted with an aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or heteroaromaticgroup).

[0057] The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to unsaturated aliphaticgroups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkylsdescribed above, but that contain at least one double or triple bondrespectively.

[0058] Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, “loweralkyl” as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, but havingfrom one to ten carbons, more preferably from one to six carbon atoms inits backbone structure. Likewise, “lower alkenyl” and “lower alkynyl”have similar chain lengths. Preferred alkyl groups are lower alkyls. Inpreferred embodiments, a substituent designated herein as alkyl is alower alkyl.

[0059] The term “aryl” as used herein includes 5-, 6- and 7-memberedsingle-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to fourheteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrrole, firan, thiophene, imidazole,oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazineand pyrimidine, and the like. Those aryl groups having heteroatoms inthe ring structure may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles” or“heteroaromatics.” The aromatic ring can be substituted at one or morering positions with such substituents as described above, for example,halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl,alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl,sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic orheteroaromatic moieties, —CF₃, —CN, or the like.

[0060] The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having twoor more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to twoadjoining rings (the rings are “fused rings”) wherein at least one ofthe rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls,cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls.

[0061] The terms ortho, meta and para apply to 1,2-, 1,3- and1,4-disubstituted benzenes, respectively. For example, the names1,2-dimethylbenzene and ortho-dimethylbenzene are synonymous.

[0062] The terms “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic group” refer to 3- to10-membered ring structures, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings,whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms. Heterocycles canalso be polycycles. Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, azetidine,azepine, thiophene, thianthrene, furan, pyran., isobenzofuran, chromene,xanthene, phenoxathiin, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole,isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine,isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline,quinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline,cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine,pyrimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenarsazine, phenothiazine,furazan, phenoxazine, pyrrolidine, oxolane, thiolane, oxazole,piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, lactones, lactams such asazetidinones and pyrrolidinones, sultams, sultones, and the like. Theheterocyclic ring can be substituted at one or more positions with suchsubstituents as described above, as for example, halogen, alkyl,aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro,sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl,silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, aheterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, —CF₃, —CN, or thelike.

[0063] The terms “polycyclyl” or “polycyclic group” refer to two or morerings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/orheterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoiningrings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Rings that are joined throughnon-adjacent atoms are termed “bridged” rings. Each of the rings of thepolycycle can be substituted with such substituents as described above,as for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl,ketone, aldehyde, ester, a heterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromaticmoiety, —CF₃, —CN, or the like.

[0064] The term “carbocycle”, as used herein, refers to an aromatic ornon-aromatic ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon.

[0065] As used herein, the term “nitro” means —NO₂; the term “halogen”designates —F, —Cl, —Br or —I; the term “sulfhydryl” means —SH; the term“hydroxyl” means —OH; and the term “sulfonyl” means —SO₂—.

[0066] The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer toboth unsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that can berepresented by the general formula:

[0067] wherein R₉, R₁₀ and R′₁₀ each independently represent a hydrogen,an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈, or R₉ and R₁₀ taken together withthe N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure; R₈ represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl,a cycloalkenyl, a heterocycle or a polycycle; and m is zero or aninteger in the range of 1 to 8. In preferred embodiments, only one of R₉or R₁₀ can be a carbonyl, e.g., R₉, R₁₀ and the nitrogen together do notform an imide. In even more preferred embodiments, R₉ and R₁₀ (andoptionally R′₁₀) each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, analkenyl, or —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈. Thus, the term “alkylamine” as used hereinmeans an amine group, as defined above, having a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl attached thereto, i.e., at least one of R₉ and R₁₀is an alkyl group.

[0068] The term “acylamino” is art-recognized and refers to a moietythat can be represented by the general formula:

[0069] wherein R₉ is as defined above, and R′₁₁ represents a hydrogen,an alkyl, an alkenyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈, where m and R₈ are as definedabove.

[0070] The term “amido” is art recognized as an amino-substitutedcarbonyl and includes a moiety that can be represented by the generalformula:

[0071] wherein R₉, R₁₀ are as defined above. Preferred embodiments ofthe amide will not include imides which may be unstable.

[0072] The term “alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above,having a sulfur radical attached thereto. In preferred embodiments, the“alkylthio” moiety is represented by one of —S-alkyl, —S-alkenyl,—S-alkynyl, and —S—(CH₂)_(m)—R₈, wherein m and R₈ are defined above.Representative alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethyl thio, and thelike.

[0073] The term “carbonyl” is art recognized and includes such moietiesas can be represented by the general formula:

[0074] wherein X is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R₁₁represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈ or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, R′₁₁ represents a hydrogen, an alkyl,an alkenyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈, where m and R₈ are as defined above. WhereX is an oxygen and R₁₁ or R′₁₁ is not hydrogen, the formula representsan “ester”. Where X is an oxygen, and R₁₁ is as defined above, themoiety is referred to herein as a carboxyl group, and particularly whenR₁₁ is a hydrogen, the formula represents a “carboxylic acid”. Where Xis an oxygen, and R′₁₁ is hydrogen, the formula represents a “formate”.In general, where the oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced bysulfur, the formula represents a “thiolcarbonyl” group. Where X is asulfur and R₁₁ or R′₁₁ is not hydrogen, the formula represents a“thiolester.” Where X is a sulfur and R₁₁ is hydrogen, the formularepresents a “thiolcarboxylic acid.” Where X is a sulfur and R₁₁′ ishydrogen, the formula represents a “thiolformate.” On the other hand,where X is a bond, and R₁₁ is not hydrogen, the above formula representsa “ketone” group. Where X is a bond, and R₁₁ is hydrogen, the aboveformula represents an “aldehyde” group.

[0075] The terms “alkoxyl” or “alkoxy” as used herein refers to an alkylgroup, as defined above, having an oxygen radical attached thereto.Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy,tert-butoxy and the like. An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalentlylinked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl thatrenders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl, such as can berepresented by one of —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(CH₂)_(m)—R₈,where m and R₈ are described above.

[0076] The term “sulfonate” is art recognized and includes a moiety thatcan be represented by the general formula:

[0077] in which R₄₁ is an electron pair, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, oraryl.

[0078] The terms triflyl, tosyl, mesyl, and nonaflyl are art-recognizedand refer to trifluoromethanesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl,methanesulfonyl, and nonafluorobutanesulfonyl groups, respectively. Theterms triflate, tosylate, mesylate, and nonaflate are art-recognized andrefer to trifluoromethanesulfonate ester, p-toluenesulfonate ester,methanesulfonate ester, and nonafluorobutanesulfonate ester functionalgroups and molecules that contain said groups, respectively.

[0079] The abbreviations Me, Et, Ph, Tf, Nf, Ts, Ms represent methyl,ethyl, phenyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, nonafluorobutanesulfonyl,p-toluenesulfonyl and methanesulfonyl, respectively. A morecomprehensive list of the abbreviations utilized by organic chemists ofordinary skill in the art appears in the first issue of each volume ofthe Journal of Organic Chemistry; this list is typically presented in atable entitled Standard List of Abbreviations. The abbreviationscontained in said list, and all abbreviations utilized by organicchemists of ordinary skill in the art are hereby incorporated byreference.

[0080] The term “sulfate” is art recognized and includes a moiety thatcan be represented by the general formula:

[0081] in which R₄₁ is as defined above.

[0082] The term “sulfonamido” is art recognized and includes a moietythat can be represented by the general formula:

[0083] in which R₉ and R′₁₁ are as defined above.

[0084] The term “sulfamoyl” is art-recognized and includes a moiety thatcan be represented by the general formula:

[0085] in which R₉ and R₁₀ are as defined above.

[0086] The term “sulfonyl”, as used herein, refers to a moiety that canbe represented by the general formula:

[0087] in which R₄₄ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0088] The term “sulfoxido” as used herein, refers to a moiety that canbe represented by the general formula:

[0089] in which R₄₄ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, or aryl.

[0090] A “phosphoryl” can in general be represented by the formula:

[0091] wherein Q₁ represented S or O, and R₄₆ represents hydrogen, alower alkyl or an aryl. When used to substitute, e.g., an alkyl, thephosphoryl group of the phosphorylalkyl can be represented by thegeneral formula:

[0092] wherein Q₁ represented S or O, and each R₄₆ independentlyrepresents hydrogen, a lower alkyl or an aryl, Q₂ represents O, S or N.When Q₁ is an S, the phosphoryl moiety is a “phosphorothioate”.

[0093] A “selenoalkyl” refers to an alkyl group having a substitutedseleno group attached thereto. Exemplary “selenoethers” which may besubstituted on the alkyl are selected from one of —Se-alkyl,—Se-alkenyl, —Se-alkynyl, and —Se-(CH₂)_(m)—R₇, m and R₇ being definedabove.

[0094] Analogous substitutions can be made to alkenyl and alkynyl groupsto produce, for example, aminoalkenyls, aminoalkynyls, amidoalkenyls,amidoalkynyls, iminoalkenyls, iminoalkynyls, thioalkenyls, thioalkynyls,carbonyl-substituted alkenyls or alkynyls.

[0095] As used herein, the definition of each expression, e.g. alkyl, m,n, etc., when it occurs more than once in any structure, is intended tobe independent of its definition elsewhere in the same structure.

[0096] It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with”includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordancewith permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, andthat the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does notspontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement,cyclization, elimination, etc.

[0097] As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to includeall permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect,the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched andunbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromaticsubstituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents ;.include,for example, those described herein above. The permissible substituentscan be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organiccompounds. For purposes of this invention, the heteroatoms such asnitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissiblesubstituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy thevalences of the heteroatoms. This invention is not intended to belimited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organiccompounds.

[0098] The phrase “protecting group” as used herein means temporarysubstituents which protect a potentially reactive functional group fromundesired chemical transformations. Examples of such protecting groupsinclude esters of carboxylic acids, silyl ethers of alcohols, andacetals and ketals of aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The field ofprotecting group chemistry has been reviewed (Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P.G.NProtective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2^(nd) ed.; Wiley: New York,1991).

[0099] Certain compounds of the present invention may exist inparticular geometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present inventioncontemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R-and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemicmixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within thescope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may bepresent in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, aswell as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

[0100] If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of thepresent invention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetricsynthesis, it may be isolated using chiral chromatography methods, or byderivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomericmixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the puredesired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basicfunctional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such ascarboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriateoptically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of thediastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization orchromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery ofthe pure enantiomers.

[0101] Contemplated equivalents of the compounds described above includecompounds which otherwise correspond thereto, and which have the samegeneral properties thereof (e.g., functioning as analgesics), whereinone or more simple variations of substituents are made which do notadversely affect the efficacy of the compound in binding to opioidreceptors. In general, the compounds of the present invention may beprepared by the methods illustrated in the general reaction schemes as,for example, described below, or by modifications thereof, using readilyavailable starting materials, reagents and conventional synthesisprocedures. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use ofvariants which are in themselves known, but are not mentioned here.

[0102] For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements areidentified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CASversion, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Ed., 1986-87, insidecover. Also for purposes of this invention, the term “hydrocarbon” iscontemplated to include all permissible compounds having at least onehydrogen and one carbon atom. In a broad aspect, the permissiblehydrocarbons include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched,carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic organic compoundswhich can be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0103] Compounds of the Invention.

[0104] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A:

[0105] wherein

[0106] m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0107] n is 1 or 2;

[0108] y is 1, or 2;

[0109] R₁ represents alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0110] R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0111] R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond;

[0112] R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; wherein any two instances of R₃ may beconnected by a covalent tether whose backbone consists of 1, 2, 3, or 4carbon atoms;

[0113] R₄ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl;

[0114] R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0115] R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0116] Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂,S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂;

[0117] a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ thatis attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogenexplicitly shown in A;

[0118] any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may beconnected through a covalent bond;

[0119] X represents C(R₃)₂, O, S, SO, SO₂, NR₂, NC(O)OR₂, or C═O; and

[0120] the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of acompound represented by A is R, S, or a mixture of these configurations.

[0121] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O.

[0122] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂.

[0123] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂.

[0124] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein m is 2 or 3.

[0125] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein n is 1.

[0126] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein y is 1.

[0127] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein RIrepresents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0128] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0129] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein R₃represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0130] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein R₄represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0131] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0132] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein R₆represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0133] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and n is 1.

[0134] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and n is 1.

[0135] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and n is 1.

[0136] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and y is 1.

[0137] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and y is 1.

[0138] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and y is 1.

[0139] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0140] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0141] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0142] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrencealkyl.

[0143] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0144] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0145] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0146] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0147] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0148] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0149] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0150] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0151] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independentlyfor each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0152] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independentlyfor each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0153] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl.

[0154] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0155] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0156] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0157] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H,alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0158] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; and R represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0159] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, or F.

[0160] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for eachoccurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0161] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for eachoccurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0162] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0163] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by A and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;m is 2; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H; R₄represents aryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0164] In assays based on opioid receptors from mammalian brain, certaincompounds according to general structure A have IC₅₀ values less than 10μM against at least one subclass of opioid receptor, more preferablyless than 5 μM, and most preferably less than 1 μM.

[0165] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B:

[0166] wherein

[0167] m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0168] n is 1 or 2;

[0169] R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0170] R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0171] R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond;

[0172] R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; wherein any two instances of R₃ may beconnected by a covalent tether whose backbone consists of 1, 2, 3, or 4carbon atoms;

[0173] R₄ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl;

[0174] R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0175] R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0176] Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂,S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂;

[0177] a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ thatis attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogenexplicitly shown in B;

[0178] any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may beconnected through a covalent bond;

[0179] X represents C(R₃)₂, O, S, SO, SO₂, NR₂, NC(O)OR₂, or C═O; and

[0180] the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of acompound represented by B is R or S.

[0181] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O.

[0182] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂.

[0183] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definifions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂.

[0184] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein m is 2 or 3.

[0185] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein n is 1.

[0186] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0187] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0188] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein R₃represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0189] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein R₄represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0190] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0191] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein R₆represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0192] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and n is 1.

[0193] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and n is 1.

[0194] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and n is 1.

[0195] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0196] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0197] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0198] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrencealkyl.

[0199] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0200] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0201] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0202] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0203] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0204] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0205] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0206] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0207] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independentlyfor each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0208] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independentlyfor each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0209] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl.

[0210] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0211] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0212] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0213] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H,alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0214] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H,alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0215] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, or F.

[0216] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for eachoccurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0217] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for eachoccurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0218] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by B and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0219] In assays based on opioid receptors from mammalian brain, certaincompounds according to general structure B have IC₅₀ values less than 10μM against at least one subclass of opioid receptor, more preferablyless than 5 μM, and most preferably less than 1 μM.

[0220] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C:

[0221] wherein

[0222] m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0223] y is 0, 1 or 2;

[0224] R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0225] R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0226] R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond;

[0227] R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂;

[0228] R₄ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl;

[0229] R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0230] R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0231] Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂,S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂;

[0232] a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ thatis attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogenexplicitly shown in C;

[0233] any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may beconnected through a covalent bond; and

[0234] the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of acompound represented by C is R, S, or a mixture of these configurations.

[0235] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein m is 2 or 3.

[0236] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein y is 1.

[0237] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0238] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0239] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R₃represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0240] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R₄represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0241] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R,represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0242] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R,represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0243] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R₄represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl.

[0244] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence Hor alkyl.

[0245] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R,represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0246] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0247] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by C and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; andR₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, or F.

[0248] In assays based on opioid receptors from mammalian brain, certaincompounds according to general structure C have IC₅₀ values less than 10μM against at least one subclass of opioid receptor, more preferablyless than 5 μM, and most preferably less than 1 μM.

[0249] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D:

[0250] wherein

[0251] m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0252] y is 0, 1 or 2;

[0253] R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0254] R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0255] R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond;

[0256] R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂;

[0257] R₄ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl;

[0258] R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0259] R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0260] Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂,S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂;

[0261] a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ thatis attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogenexplicitly shown in D;

[0262] any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may beconnected through a covalent bond; and

[0263] the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of acompound represented by D is R or S.

[0264] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein m is 2 or 3.

[0265] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein y is 1.

[0266] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0267] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0268] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₃represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0269] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₄represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0270] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0271] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₆represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0272] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl.

[0273] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence Hor alkyl.

[0274] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0275] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0276] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by D and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; andR₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, or F.

[0277] In assays based on opioid receptors from mammalian brain, certaincompounds according to general structure D have IC₅₀ values less than 10μM against at least one subclass of opioid receptor, more preferablyless than 5 μM, and most preferably less than 1 μM.

[0278] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E:

[0279] wherein

[0280] m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0281] n is 1 or 2;

[0282] R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0283] R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0284] R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond;

[0285] R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; wherein any two instances of R₃ may beconnected by a covalent tether whose backbone consists of 1, 2, 3, or 4carbon atoms;

[0286] R₄ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl;

[0287] R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0288] R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0289] Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂,S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂;

[0290] a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ thatis attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogenexplicitly shown in E;

[0291] any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may beconnected through a covalent bond;

[0292] X represents C(R₃)₂, O, S, SO, SO₂, NR₂, NC(O)OR₂, or C═O; and

[0293] the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of acompound represented by E is R, S, or a mixture of these configurations.

[0294] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O.

[0295] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂.

[0296] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂.

[0297] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein m is 2 or 3.

[0298] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein n is 1.

[0299] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0300] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0301] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein R₃represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0302] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein R₄represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0303] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0304] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein R representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0305] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and n is 1.

[0306] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and n is 1.

[0307] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and n is 1.

[0308] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and R, represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0309] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0310] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0311] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrencealkyl.

[0312] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0313] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0314] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0315] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0316] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0317] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0318] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0319] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0320] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independentlyfor each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0321] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR_(2; n is) 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independentlyfor each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0322] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl.

[0323] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0324] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0325] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0326] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; and R represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0327] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H,alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0328] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, or F.

[0329] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for eachoccurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0330] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂,O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ representsindependently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently foreach occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for eachoccurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0331] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by E and the attendant definitions, wherein X is C(R₃)₂;n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0332] In assays based on opioid receptors from mammalian brain, certaincompounds according to general structure E have IC₅₀ values less than 10μM against at least one subclass of opioid receptor, more preferablyless than 5 μM, and most preferably less than 1 μM.

[0333] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F:

[0334] wherein

[0335] m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0336] y is 0, 1,or 2;

[0337] R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0338] R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

[0339] R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond;

[0340] R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂;

[0341] R₄ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl;

[0342] R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0343] R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y,aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂;

[0344] Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂,S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂;

[0345] a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ thatis attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogenexplicitly shown in F;

[0346] any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may beconnected through a covalent bond;

[0347] X represents O, S, SO, SO₂, NR₂, NC(O)OR₂, or C═O; and

[0348] the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of acompound represented by F is R, S, or a mixture of these configurations.

[0349] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O.

[0350] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂.

[0351] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂.

[0352] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein m is 2 or 3.

[0353] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein y is 1.

[0354] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0355] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein R₂represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0356] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein R₃represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.

[0357] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein R₄represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0358] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0359] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein & representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0360] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O; and y is 1.

[0361] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂; and y is 1.

[0362] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂;and y is 1.

[0363] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O; and R, represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0364] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0365] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂;and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.

[0366] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0367] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0368] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂;and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.

[0369] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl.

[0370] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl.

[0371] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂; R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl.

[0372] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl.

[0373] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently foreach occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl.

[0374] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂; R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence Hor alkyl.

[0375] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl.

[0376] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently foreach occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence Hor alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0377] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂; R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

[0378] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl;. R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, or F.

[0379] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently foreach occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence Hor alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F.

[0380] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂; R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0381] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O, NR₂,or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independentlyfor each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for eachoccurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R,represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, or F.

[0382] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O orNR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently foreach occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence Hor alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; andR₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, or F.

[0383] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present inventionare represented by F and the attendant definitions, wherein X is NR₂; R₁represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for eachoccurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H oralkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ representsindependently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; andR₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl or F.

[0384] In assays based on opioid receptors from mammalian brain, certaincompounds according to general structure F have IC₅₀ values less than 10μM against at least one subclass of opioid receptor, more preferablyless than 5 μM, and most preferably less than 1 μM.

[0385] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to acompound represented by A, C, E, or F and the corresponding attendantdefintions, wherein said compound is a single stereoisomer.

[0386] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to aformulation, comprising a compound represented by A, B, C, D, E, or Fand the corresponding attendant defintions; and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient.

[0387] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a methodof treating pain, drug addiction, or tinnitus in a mammal, comprisingthe step of administering to a mammal with pain, drug addiction, ortinnitus an effective amount of a formulation comprising a compoundrepresented by A, B, C, D, E, or F and the corresponding attendantdefintions; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In certainembodiments of this method, said mammal is a primate, equine, canine orfeline. In certain embodiments of this method, said mammal is a human.In certain embodiments of this method, said formulation is administeredorally. In certain embodiments of this method, said formulation isadministered intravenously. In certain embodiments of this method, saidformulation is administered sublingually. In certain embodiments of thismethod, said formulation is administered ocularly.

[0388] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to ligandsfor G-protein-coupled or opioid receptors, wherein the ligands arerepresented by any of generalized structures A, B, C, D, E and F, andany of the sets of definitions associated with one of those structures.Preferably the ligands of the present invention are antagonists,agonists, partial agonists or inverse agonists of one or moreG-protein-coupled or opioid receptor. In any event, the ligands of thepresent invention preferably exert their effect on the receptors at aconcentration less than about 10 micromolar, more preferably at aconcentration less than about 1 micromolar, and most preferably at aconcentration less than 100 nanomolar. In other embodiments, the ligandsof the present invention bind to multiple families of G-protein-coupledreceptors. In certain embodiments, the ligands of the present inventionbind selectively to a single family of G-protein-coupled or opioidreceptors. In other embodiments, the ligands of the present inventionbind selectively to a subtype of receptor within a family ofG-protein-coupled or opioid receptors.

[0389] In certain embodiments, the selectivity of a ligand for aspecific family or subtype of receptor renders that ligand an effectivetherapeutic agent for an acute or chronic ailment, disease or malady. Incertain embodiments, the selectivity of a ligand for a specific familyor subtype of receptor consists of a binding affinity for that family orsubtype of receptor at least a factor of ten greater than its bindingaffinity for other families or subtypes of G-protein-coupled or opioidreceptors. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of a ligand for aspecific family or subtype of receptor consists of a binding affinityfor that family or subtype of receptor at least a factor of one hundredgreater than its binding affinity for other families or subtypes ofG-protein-coupled or opioid receptors. In certain embodiments, theselectivity of a ligand for a specific family or subtype of receptorconsists of a binding affinity for that family or subtype of receptor atleast a factor of one thousand greater than its binding affinity forother families or subtypes of G-protein-coupled or opioid receptors.

[0390] The present invention contemplates pharmaceutical formulations(see below) of the ligands of the present invention. In certainembodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations will comprise ligands ofthe present invention that effect only a specific family or subtype ofG-protein-coupled or opioid receptor, and thereby have a therapeuticeffect on an acute or chronic ailment, disease or malady that is atleast in part due to biochemical or physiological processes associatedwith the receptor(s). In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalformulations will comprise ligands of the present invention that effectonly a subtype of receptor, and thereby have a therapeutic effect on anacute or chronic ailment, disease or malady that is at least in part dueto biochemical or physiological processes associated with the specificsubtype of receptor. The Background of the Invention (see above) teachesexamples of acute or chronic ailments, diseases or maladies that arecaused or exacerbated by biochemical or physiological processesassociated with specific G-protein-coupled or opioid receptors. One ofordinary skill in the art will be able to accumulate, by reference tothe scientific literature, a more comprehensive list of acute or chronicailments, diseases or maladies that are caused or exacerbated bybiochemical or physiological processes associated with specificG-protein-coupled or opioid receptors. The present inventioncontemplates pharmaceutical formulations of ligands of the presentinvention that will be of medicinal value against the aforementionedacute or chronic ailments, diseases or maladies.

[0391] Biochemical Activity at Cellular Receptors, and Assays to Detectthat Activity

[0392] Assaying processes are well known in the art in which a reagentis added to a sample, and measurements of the sample and reagent aremade to identify sample attributes stimulated by the reagent. Forexample, one such assay process concerns determining in a chromogenicassay the amount of an enzyme present in a biological sample orsolution. Such assays are based on the development of a colored productin the reaction solution. The reaction develops as the enzyme catalyzesthe conversion of a colorless chromogenic substrate to a coloredproduct.

[0393] Another assay useful in the present invention concernsdetermining the ability of a ligand to bind to a biological receptorutilizing a technique well known in the art referred to as a radioligandbinding assay. This assay accurately determines the specific binding ofa radioligand to a targeted receptor through the delineation of itstotal and nonspecific binding components. Total binding is defined asthe amount of radioligand that remains following the rapid separation ofthe radioligand bound in a receptor preparation (cell homogenates orrecombinate receptors) from that which is unbound. The nonspecificbinding component is defined as the amount of radioligand that remainsfollowing separation of the reaction mixture consisting of receptor,radioligand and an excess of unlabeled ligand. Under this condition, theonly radioligand that remains represents that which is bound tocomponents other that receptor. The specific radioligand bound isdetermined by subtracting the nonspecific from total radioactivitybound. For a specific example of radioligand binding assay for μ-opioidreceptor, see Wang, J. B. et al. FEBS Letters 1994, 338, 217.

[0394] Assays useful in the present invention concern determining theactivity of receptors the activation of which initiates subsequentintracellular events in which intracellular stores of calcium ions arereleased for use as a second messenger. Activation of someG-protein-coupled receptors stimulates the formation of inositoltriphosphate (IP3, a G-protein-coupled receptor second messenger)through phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol,Berridge and Irvine (1984). Nature 312:315-21. IP3 in turn stimulatesthe release of intracellular calcium ion stores.

[0395] A change in cytoplasmic calcium ion levels caused by release ofcalcium ions from intracellular stores is used to determineG-protein-coupled receptor function. This is another type of indirectassay. Among G-protein-coupled receptors are muscarinic acetylcholinereceptors (mAChR), adrenergic receptors, sigma receptors, serotoninreceptors, dopamine receptors, angiotensin receptors, adenosinereceptors, bradykinin receptors, metabotropic excitatory amino acidreceptors and the like. Cells expressing such G-protein-coupledreceptors may exhibit increased cytoplasmic calcium levels as a resultof contribution from both intracellular stores and via activation of ionchannels, in which case it may be desirable although not necessary toconduct such assays in calcium-free buffer, optionally supplemented witha chelating agent such as EGTA, to distinguish fluorescence responseresulting from calcium release from internal stores. Another type ofindirect assay involves determining the activity of receptors which,when activated, result in a change in the level of intracellular cyclicnucleotides, e.g., cAMP, cGMP. For example, activation of some dopamine,serotonin, metabotropic glutamate receptors and muscarinic acetylcholinereceptors results in a decrease in the cAMP or cGMP levels of thecytoplasm.

[0396] Furthermore, there are cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels,e.g., rod photoreceptor cell channels and olfactory neuron channels[see, Altenhofen, W. et al. (199.1) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A.88:9868-9872 and Dhallan et al. (1990) Nature 347:184-187] that arepermeable to cations upon activation by binding of cAMP or cGMP. Achange in cytoplasmic ion levels caused by a change in the amount ofcyclic nucleotide activation of photo-receptor or olfactory neuronchannels is used to determine function of receptors that cause a changein cAMP or cGMP levels when activated. In cases where activation of thereceptor results in a decrease in cyclic nucleotide levels, it may bepreferable to expose the cells to agents that increase intracellularcyclic nucleotide levels, e.g., forskolin, prior to adding areceptor-activating compound to the cells in the assay. Cell for thistype of assay can be made by co-transfection of a host cell with DNAencoding a cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel and a DNA encoding areceptor (e.g., certain metabotropic glutamate receptors, muscarinicacetylcholine receptors, dopamine receptors, serotonin receptors and thelike, which, when activated, causes a change in cyclic nucleotide levelsin the cytoplasm.

[0397] Any cell expressing a receptor protein which is capable, uponactivation, of directly increasing the intracellular concentration ofcalcium, such as by opening gated calcium channels, or indirectlyaffecting the concentration of intracellular calcium as by causinginitiation of a reaction which utilizes Ca<2+> as a second messenger(e.g., G-protein-coupled receptors), may form the basis of an assay.Cells endogenously expressing such receptors or ion channels and cellswhich may be transfected with a suitable vector encoding one or moresuch cell surface proteins are known to those of skill in the art or maybe identified by those of skill in the art. Although essentially anycell which expresses endogenous ion channel and/or receptor activity maybe used, it is preferred to use cells transformed or transfected withheterologous DNAs encoding such ion channels and/or receptors so as toexpress predominantly a single type of ion channel or receptor. Manycells that may be genetically engineered to express a heterologous cellsurface protein are known. Such cells include, but are not limited to,baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells (ATCC No. CCL10), mouse L cells (ATCCNo. CCLI.3), DG44 cells [see, Chasin (1986) Cell. Molec. Genet. 12:555]human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells (ATCC No. CRL1573), Chinese hamsterovary (CHO) cells (ATCC Nos. CRL9618, CCL61, CRL9096), PC12 cells (ATCCNo. CRL1721) and COS-7 cells (ATCC No. CRL1651). Preferred cells forheterologous cell surface protein expression are those that can bereadily and efficiently transfected. Preferred cells include HEK 293cells, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,939.

[0398] Any compound which is known to activate ion channels or receptorsof interest may be used to initiate an assay. Choosing an appropriateion channel- or receptor-activating reagent depending on the ion channelor receptor of interest is within the skill of the art. Directdepolarization of the cell membrane to determine calcium channelactivity may be accomplished by adding a potassium salt solution havinga concentration of potassium ions such that the final concentration ofpotassium ions in the cell-containing well is in the range of about50-150 mM (e.g., 50 mM KCl). With respect to ligand-gated receptors andligand-gated ion channels, ligands are known which have affinity for andactivate such receptors. For example, nicotinic acetyloholine receptorsare known to be activated by nicotine or acetylcholine; similarly,muscarinic and acetylcholine receptors may be activated by addition ofmuscarine or carbamylcholine.

[0399] Agonist assays may be carried out on cells known to possess ionchannels and/or receptors to determine what effect, if any, a compoundhas on activation or potentiation of ion channels or receptors ofinterest. Agonist assays also may be carried out using a reagent knownto possess ion channel- or receptor-activating capacity to determinewhether a cell expresses the respective functional ion channel orreceptor of interest.

[0400] Contacting a functional receptor or ion channel with agonisttypically activates a transient reaction; and prolonged exposure to anagonist may desensitize the receptor or ion channel to subsequentactivation. Thus, in general, assays for determining ion channel orreceptor function should be initiated by addition of agonist (i.e., in areagent solution used to initiate the reaction). The potency of acompound having agonist activity is determined by the detected change insome observable in the cells (typically an increase, although activationof certain receptors causes a decrease) as compared to the level of theobservable in either the same cell, or substantially identical cell,which is treated substantially identically except that reagent lackingthe agonist (i.e., control) is added to the well. Where an agonist assayis performed to test whether or not a cell expresses the functionalreceptor or ion channel of interest, known agonist is added totest-cell-containing wells and to wells containing control cells(substantially identical cell that lacks the specific receptors or ionchannels) and the levels of observable are compared. Depending on theassay, cells lacking the ion channel and/or receptor of interest shouldexhibit substantially no increase in observable in response to the knownagonist. A substantially identical cell may be derived from the samecells from which recombinant cells are prepared but which have not beenmodified by introduction of heterologous DNA. Alternatively, it may be acell in which the specific receptors or ion channels are removed. Anystatistically or otherwise significant difference in the level ofobservable indicates that the test compound has in some manner alteredthe activity of the specific receptor or ion channel or that the testcell possesses the specific functional receptor or ion channel.

[0401] In an example of drug screening assays for identifying compoundswhich have the ability to modulate ion channels or receptors ofinterest, individual wells (or duplicate wells, etc.) contain a distinctcell type, or distinct recombinant cell line expressing a homogeneouspopulation of a receptor or ion channel of interest, so that thecompound having unidentified activity may be screened to determinewhether it possesses modulatory activity with respect to one or more ofa variety of functional ion channels or receptors. It is alsocontemplated that each of the individual wells may contain the same celltype so that multiple compounds (obtained from different reagent sourcesin the apparatus or contained within different wells) can be screenedand compared for modulating activity with respect to one particularreceptor or ion channel type.

[0402] Antagonist assays, including drug screening assays, may becarried out by incubating cells having functional ion channels and/orreceptors in the presence and absence of one or more compounds, added tothe solution bathing the cells in the respective wells of the microtiterplate for an amount of time sufficient (to the extent that the compoundhas affinity for the ion channel and/or receptor of interest) for thecompound(s) to bind to the receptors and/or ion channels, thenactivating the ion channels or receptors by addition of known agonist,and measuring the level of observable in the cells as compared to thelevel of observable in either the same cell, or substantially identicalcell, in the absence of the putative antagonist.

[0403] The assays are thus useful for rapidly screening compounds toidentify those that modulate any receptor or ion channel in a cell. Inparticular, assays can be used to test functional ligand-receptor orligand-ion channel interactions for cell receptors includingligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupledreceptors and growth factor receptors.

[0404] Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that assays mayencompass measuring a detectable change of a solution as a consequenceof a cellular event which allows a compound, capable of differentialcharacteristics, to change its characteristics in response to thecellular event. By selecting a particular compound which is capable ofdifferential characteristics upon the occurrence of a cellular event,various assays may be performed. For example, assays for determining thecapacity of a compound to induce cell injury or cell death may becarried out by loading the cells with a pH-sensitive fluorescentindicator such as BCECF (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oreg. 97402,Catalog #B1150) and measuring cell injury or cell death as a function ofchanging fluorescence over time.

[0405] In a further example of useful assays, the function of receptorswhose activation results in a change in the cyclic nucleotide levels ofthe cytoplasm may be directly determined in assays of cells that expresssuch receptors and that have been injected with a fluorescent compoundthat changes fluorescence upon binding cAMP. The fluorescent compoundcomprises cAMP-dependent-protein kinase in which the catalytic andregulatory subunits are each labelled with a different fluorescent-dye[Adams et al. (1991) Nature 349:694-697]. When cAMP binds to theregulatory subunits, the fluorescence emission spectrum changes; thischange can be used as an indication of a change in cAMP concentration.

[0406] The function of certain neurotransmitter transporters which arepresent at the synaptic cleft at the junction between two neurons may bedetermined by the development of fluorescence in the cytoplasm of suchneurons when conjugates of an amine acid and fluorescent indicator(wherein the fluorescent indicator of the conjugate is an acetoxymethylester derivative e.g., 5-(aminoacetamido)fluorescein; Molecular Probes,Catalog #A1363) are transported by the neurotransmitter transporter intothe cytoplasm of the cell where the ester group is cleaved by esteraseactivity and the conjugate becomes fluorescent.

[0407] In practicing an assay of this type, a reporter gene construct isinserted into an eukaryotic cell to produce a recombinant cell which haspresent on its surface a cell surface protein of a specific type. Thecell surface receptor may be endogenously expressed or it may beexpressed from a heterologous gene that has been introduced into thecell. Methods for introducing heterologous DNA into eukaryotic cellsare-well known in the art and any such method may be used. In addition,DNA encoding various cell surface proteins is known to those of skill inthe art or it may be cloned by any method known to those of skill in theart.

[0408] The recombinant cell is contacted with a test compound and thelevel of reporter gene expression is measured. The contacting may beeffected in any vehicle and the testing may be by any means using anyprotocols, such as serial dilution, for assessing specific molecularinteractions known to those of skill in the art. After contacting therecombinant cell for a sufficient time to effect any interactions, thelevel of gene expression is measured. The amount of time to effect suchinteractions may be empirically determined, such as by running a timecourse and measuring the level of transcription as a function of time.The amount of transcription may be measured using any method known tothose of skill in the art to be suitable. For example, specific mRNAexpression may be detected using Northern blots or specific proteinproduct may be identified by a characteristic stain. The amount oftranscription is then compared to the amount of transcription in eitherthe same cell in the absence of the test compound or it may be comparedwith the amount of transcription in a substantially identical cell thatlacks the specific receptors. A substantially identical cell may bederived from the same cells from which the recombinant cell was preparedbut which had not been modified by introduction of heterologous DNA.Alternatively, it may be a cell in which the specific receptors areremoved. Any statistically or otherwise significant difference in theamount of transcription indicates that the test compound has in somemanner altered the activity of the specific receptor.

[0409] If the test compound does not appear to enhance, activate orinduce the activity of the cell surface protein, the assay may berepeated and modified by the introduction of a step in which therecombinant cell is first tested for the ability of a known agonist oractivator of the specific receptor to activate transcription if thetranscription is induced, the test compound is then assayed for itsability to inhibit, block or otherwise affect the activity of theagonist.

[0410] The transcription based assay is useful for identifying compoundsthat interact with any cell surface protein whose activity ultimatelyalters gene expression. In particular, the assays can be used to testfunctional ligand-receptor or ligand-ion channel interactions for anumber of categories of cell surface-localized receptors, including:ligand-gated ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels, and Gprotein-coupled receptors.

[0411] Any transfectable cell that can express the desired cell surfaceprotein in a manner such the protein functions to intracellularlytransduce an extracellular signal may be used. The cells may be selectedsuch that they endogenously express the cell surface protein or may begenetically engineered to do so. Many such cells are known to those ofskill in the art. Such cells include, but are not limited toLtk<−>cells, PC12 cells and COS-7 cells.

[0412] The preparation of cells which express a receptor or ion channeland a reporter gene expression construct, and which are useful fortesting compounds to assess their activities, is exemplified in theExamples provided herewith by reference to mammalian Ltk<−>and COS-7cell lines, which express the Type I human muscarinic (HM1) receptor andwhich are transformed with either a c-fos promoter-CAT reporter geneexpression construct or a c-fos promoter-luciferase reporter geneexpression construct.

[0413] Any cell surface protein that is known to those of skill in theart or that may be identified by those of skill in the art may used inthe assay. The cell surface protein may endogenously expressed on theselected cell or it may be expressed from cloned DNA. Exemplary cellsurface proteins include, but are not limited to, cell surface receptorsand ion channels. Cell surface receptors include, but are not limitedto, muscarinic receptors (e.g.,, human M2 (GenBank accession #M16404);rat M3 (GenBank accession #M16407); human M4 (GenBank accession#M16405); human M5 (Bonner et al. (1988) Neuron 1:403-410); and thelike); neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (e.g., the alpha 2,alpha 3 and beta 2 subtypes disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 504,455 (filedApr. 3, 1990), hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety); the rat alpha 2 subunit (Wada et al. (1988) Science240:330-334); the rat alpha 3 subunit (Boulter et al. (1986), Nature319:368-374); the rat alpha 4 subunit (Goldman et al. (1987) cell48:965-973); the rat alpha 5 subunit (Boulter et al. (1990) J. Biol.Chem. 265:4472-4482); the rat beta 2 subunit (Deneris et al. (1988)Neuron 1:45-54); the rat beta 3 subunit (Deneris et al. (1989) J. Biol.Chem. 264: 6268-6272); the rat beta 4 subunit (Duvoisin et al. (1989)Neuron 3:487496); combinations of the rat alpha subunits, beta subunitsand alpha and beta subunits; GABA receptors (e.g., the bovine alpha 1and beta I subunits (Schofield et al. (1987) Nature 328:221-227); thebovine alpha 2 and alpha 3 subunits (Levitan et al. (1988) Nature335:76-79); the gamma -subunit (Pritchett et al. (1989) Nature338:582-585); the beta 2 and beta 3 subunits (Ymer et alo (1989) EMBO J.8:1665-1670); the delta subunit (Shivers, B. D. (1989) Neuron3:327-337); and the like); glutamate receptors (e.g., receptor isolatedfrom rat brain (Hollmann et al. (1989) Nature 342:643-648); and thelike); adrenergic receptors (e.g., human beta 1 (Frielle et al. (1987)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84.:7920-7924); human alpha 2 (Kobilka et al.(1987) Science 238:650-656); hamster beta 2 (Dixon et al. (1986) Nature321:75-79); and the like); dopamine receptors (e.g., human D2 (Stormannet al. (1990) Molec. Pharm.37:1-6); rat (Bunzow et al. (1988) Nature336:783-787); and the like); NGF receptors (e.g., human NGF receptors(Johnson et al. (1986) Cell 47:545-554); and the like); serotoninreceptors (e.g., human 5HT1 a (Kobilka et al. (1987) Nature 329:75-79);rat 5HT2 (Julius et al. (1990) PNAS 87:928-932); rat 5HT1c (Julius etal. (1988) Science 241:558-564); and the like).

[0414] Reporter gene constructs are prepared by operatively linking areporter gene with at least one transcriptional regulatory element. Ifonly one transcriptional regulatory element is included it must be aregulatable promoter, At least one of the selected transcriptionalregulatory elements must be indirectly or directly regulated by theactivity of the selected cell-surface receptor whereby activity of thereceptor can be monitored via transcription of the reporter genes.

[0415] The construct may contain additional transcriptional regulatoryelements, such as a FIRE sequence, or other sequence, that is notnecessarily regulated by the cell surface protein, but is selected forits ability to reduce background level transcription or to amplify thetransduced signal and to thereby increase the sensitivity andreliability of the assay.

[0416] Many reporter genes and transcriptional regulatory elements areknown to those of skill in the art and others may be identified orsynthesized by methods known to those of skill in the art.

[0417] A reporter gene includes any gene that expresses a detectablegene product, which may be RNA or protein. Preferred reporter genes arethose that are readily detectable. The reporter gene may also beincluded in the construct in the form of a fusion gene with a gene thatincludes desired transcriptional regulatory sequences or exhibits otherdesirable properties.

[0418] Examples of reporter genes include, but are not limited to CAT(chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) (Alton and Vapnek (1979), Nature282: 864-869) luciferase, and other enzyme detection systems, such asbeta-galactosidase; firefly luciferase (deWet et al. (1987), Mol. Cell.Biol. 7:725-737); bacterial luciferase (Engebrecht and Silverman (1984),PNAS 1: 4154-4158; Baldwin et al. (1984), Biochemistry 23: 3663-3667);alkaline phosphatase (Toh et al. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 182: 231-238,Hall et al. (1983) J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 2: 101).

[0419] Transcriptional control elements include, but are not limited to,promoters, enhancers, and repressor and activator binding sites,Suitable transcriptional regulatory elements may be derived from thetranscriptional regulatory regions of genes whose expression is rapidlyinduced, generally within minutes, of contact between the cell surfaceprotein and the effector protein that modulates the activity of the cellsurface protein. Examples of such genes include, but are not limited to,the immediate early genes (see, Sheng et al. (1990) Neuron 4: 477-485),such as c-fos, Immediate early genes are genes that are rapidly inducedupon binding of a ligand to a cell surface protein. The transcriptionalcontrol elements that are preferred for use in the gene constructsinclude transcriptional control elements from immediate early genes,elements derived from other genes that exhibit some or all of thecharacteristics of the immediate early genes, or synthetic elements thatare constructed such that genes in operative linkage therewith exhibitsuch characteristics. The characteristics of preferred genes from whichthe transcriptional control elements are derived include, but are notlimited to, low or undetectable expression in quiescent cells, rapidinduction at the transcriptional level within minutes of extracellularsimulation, induction that is transient and independent of new proteinsynthesis, subsequent shut-off of transcription requires new proteinsynthesis, and mRNAs transcribed from these genes have a shorthalf-life. It is not necessary for all of these properties to bepresent.

[0420] In Vivo Activity Assays

[0421] Various experimental procedures, well known in the art, areuseful in the present invention to assess the analgesic effect ofcompounds, such as the “Wail flick” and “hot plate” tests. The stailflick” test can be performed by applying a noxious thermal stimulus tothe rat's tail and determining the time until the nociceptive tail flickoccurs. Analgesia is demonstrated by an increase in time to occurrenceof a tail flick response. The “hot plate” test is similarly performed,except that the noxious thermal stimulus is applied to the rat's paws.

[0422] An experimental procedure, well known in the art, useful in thepresent invention to assess the ability of compounds to causerespiratory depression is to monitor blood gases. This method employeesmeasuring the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in bloodsamples taken from animals following compound administration. A decreasein the partial pressures of oxygen and an increase in the partialpressure of carbon dioxide may be indicative of respiratory depression.

[0423] An experimental procedure, well known in the art, useful in thepresent invention to assess the ability of compounds to cause inhibitionof gastrointestinal motility is the “charcoal meal test”. This methodmeasures the propulsion of intestinal contents following administrationof test compounds. A decrease in the propulsion of intestinal contentsmay be indicative of inhibition of gastrointestinal motility.

[0424] Various experimental procedures, well known in the art, areuseful in the present invention to assess the ability of compounds tocause tolerance. Tolerance can be defined as a condition characterizedby unresponsiveness or decreased responsiveness following prolonged ormultiple exposure to a compound compared to the responsivenessdemonstrated upon initial exposure.

[0425] Various experimental procedures, well known in the art, areuseful in the present invention to assess the ability of compounds tocause physical dependence. In the present invention, the ability of testcompounds to cause physical dependence was accessed by giving animalsescalating doses of test compounds for five days. After the final dosethe animals were given naloxone, an opioid antagonist and observed forbehavioral signs of dependence, such as vertical jumping.

[0426] Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0427] In another aspect, the present invention providespharmaceutically acceptable compositions which comprise atherapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the compoundsdescribed above, formulated together with one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. As described in detailbelow, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may bespecially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form,including those adapted for the following: (I) oral administration, forexample, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions),tablets, e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and systemicabsorption, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to thetongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous,intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, asterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release formulation; (3)topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment, or acontrolled-release patch or spray applied to the skin; (4)intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream orfoam; (5) sublingually; (6) ocularly; (7) transdermally; or (8) nasally.

[0428] The phrase “therapeutically-effective amount” as used hereinmeans that amount of a compound, material, or composition comprising acompound of the present invention which is effective for producing somedesired therapeutic effect in at least a sub-population of cells in ananimal at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medicaltreatment.

[0429] The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein torefer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage formswhich are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for usein contact with the tissues of human. beings and animals withoutexcessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem orcomplication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

[0430] The phrase “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used hereinmeans a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle,such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, or solventencapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subjectcompound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, orportion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense ofbeing compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and notinjurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve aspharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such aslactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch andpotato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4)powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients,such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanutoil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil andsoybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, suchas glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters,such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) bufferingagents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginicacid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer'ssolution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21)polyesters, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; and (22) othernon-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

[0431] As set out above, certain embodiments of the present compoundsmay contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, andare, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts withpharmaceutically-acceptable acids. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptablesalts” in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganicand organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention.These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or thedosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purifiedcompound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organicor inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequentpurification. Representative salts include the hydrobromide,hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate,valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate,phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate,napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonatesalts and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al. (1977)“Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19)

[0432] The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject compoundsinclude the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts ofthe compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. Forexample, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived frominorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic,phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organicacids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic,malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic,phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic,2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanedisulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.

[0433] In other cases, the compounds of the present invention maycontain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable offorming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts withpharmaceutically-acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptablesalts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganicand organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention.These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administrationvehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separatelyreacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitablebase, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of apharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with apharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiaryamine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include thelithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts andthe like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of baseaddition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine,ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. (See, forexample, Berge et al., supra) Wetting agents, emulsifiers andlubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, aswell as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening,flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can alsobe present in the compositions.

[0434] Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: (1)water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteinehydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfiteand the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate,butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metalchelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

[0435] Formulations of the present invention include those suitable fororal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginaland/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently bepresented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods wellknown in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which canbe combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form willvary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode ofadministration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combinedwith a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generallybe that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect.Generally, out of one hundred per cent, this amount will range fromabout I per cent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient,preferably from about 5 per cent to about 70 per cent, most preferablyfrom about 10 per cent to about 30 per cent.

[0436] Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions includethe step of bringing into association a compound of the presentinvention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessoryingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly andintimately bringing into association a compound of the present inventionwith liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, andthen, if necessary, shaping the product.

[0437] Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administrationmay be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (usinga flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders,granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueousliquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as anelixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatinand glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and thelike, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of thepresent invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the presentinvention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

[0438] In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration(capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), theactive ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptablecarriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any ofthe following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose,sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as,for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol;(4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potatoor tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodiumcarbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6)absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7)wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, glycerolmonostearate, and non-ionic surfactants; (8) absorbents, such as kaolinand bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate,magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate,and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules,tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprisebuffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also beemployed as fillers in soft and hard-shelled gelatin capsules using suchexcipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weightpolyethylene glycols and the like.

[0439] A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally withone or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be preparedusing binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose),lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example,sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made bymolding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compoundmoistened with an inert liquid diluent.

[0440] The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pillsand granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings andshells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in thepharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as toprovide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient thereinusing, for example, hydroxypropylnethyl cellulose in varying proportionsto provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices,liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be formulated for rapid release,e.g., freezedried. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtrationthrough a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizingagents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolvedin sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediatelybefore use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifyingagents and may be of a composition that they release the activeingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of thegastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples ofembedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substancesand waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form,if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

[0441] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds ofthe invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions,microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In additionto the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inertdiluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or othersolvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol,isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol,benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (inparticular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesameoils), glycerol, tetrahydrofliryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols andfatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

[0442] Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also includeadjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents,sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

[0443] Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may containsuspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols,polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystallinecellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth,and mixtures thereof.

[0444] Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the inventionfor rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository,which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the inventionwith one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carrierscomprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, asuppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature,but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectumor vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

[0445] Formulations of the present invention which are suitable forvaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels,pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as areknown in the art to be appropriate.

[0446] Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of acompound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes,creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The activecompound may be mixed under sterile conditions with apharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,buffers, or propellants which may be required.

[0447] The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in additionto an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal andvegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulosederivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid,talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

[0448] Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of thisinvention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminumhydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of thesesubstances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, suchas chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons,such as butane and propane.

[0449] Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providingcontrolled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body.Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compoundin the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increasethe flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can becontrolled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersingthe compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

[0450] Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions andthe like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of thisinvention.

[0451] Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable forparenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of theinvention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptablesterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions,suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstitutedinto sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use,which may contain sugars, alcohols, antioxidants, buffers,bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with theblood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

[0452] Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may beemployed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention includewater, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof,vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, suchas ethyl oleate. Properfluidity can be maintained, for example, by theuse of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of therequired particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use ofsurfactants.

[0453] These compositions may also contain adjuvants such aspreservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.Prevention of the action of microorganisms upon the subject compoundsmay be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungalagents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and thelike. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such assugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. Inaddition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form maybe brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption suchas aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

[0454] In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it isdesirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous orintramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquidsuspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor watersolubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon itsrate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size andcrystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of aparenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving orsuspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

[0455] Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulematrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer,and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drugrelease can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymersinclude poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectableformulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes ormicroemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.

[0456] When the compounds of the present invention are administered aspharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as apharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (morepreferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0457] The preparations of the present invention may be given orally,parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given in formssuitable for each administration route. For example, they areadministered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eyelotion, ointment, suppository, etc. administration by injection,infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal bysuppositories. Oral administrations are preferred.

[0458] The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administeredparenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other thanenteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes,without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial,intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal,intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular,intraarticulare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternalinjection and infusion.

[0459] The phrases “systemic administration,” “administeredsystemically,” “peripheral administration” and “administeredperipherally” as used herein mean the administration of a compound, drugor other material other than directly into the central nervous system,such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject tometabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneousadministration.

[0460] These compounds may be administered to humans and other animalsfor therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally,nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally,parenterally, intracisternally and topically, as by powders, ointmentsor drops, including buccally and sublingually.

[0461] Regardless of the route of administration selected, the compoundsof the present invention, which may be used in a suitable hydrated form,and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, areformulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventionalmethods known to those of skill in the art.

[0462] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in thepharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as toobtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achievethe desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition,and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.

[0463] The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding the activity of the particular compound of the presentinvention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route ofadministration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion ormetabolism of the particular compound being employed, the duration ofthe treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used incombination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight,condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient beingtreated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

[0464] A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art canreadily determine and prescribe the effective amount of thepharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician orveterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the inventionemployed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than thatrequired in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect andgradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

[0465] In general, a suitable daily dose of a compound of the inventionwill be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effectiveto produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generallydepend upon the factors described above. Generally, intravenous,intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of thisinvention for a patient, when used for the indicated analgesic effects,will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weightper day.

[0466] If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound maybe administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-dosesadministered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day,optionally, in unit dosage forms.

[0467] While it is possible for a compound of the present invention tobe administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as apharmaceutical formulation (composition).

[0468] In another aspect, the present invention providespharmaceutically acceptable compositions which comprise atherapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the subjectcompounds, as described above, formulated together with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. Asdescribed in detail below, the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention may be specially formulated for administration insolid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1)oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueoussolutions or suspensions), tablets, boluses, powders, granules, pastesfor application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, forexample, by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection as, forexample, a sterile solution or suspension; (3) topical application, forexample, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin, lungs, ororal cavity; or (4) intravaginally or intravectally, for example, as apessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually; (6) ocularly; (7)transdermally; or (8) nasally.

[0469] The compounds according to the invention may be formulated foradministration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinarymedicine, by analogy with other pharmaceuticals.

[0470] The term “treatment” is intended to encompass also prophylaxis,therapy and cure.

[0471] The patient receiving this treatment is any animal in need,including primates, in particular humans, and other mammals such asequines, cattle, swine and sheep; and poultry and pets in general.

[0472] The compound of the invention can be administered as such or inadmixtures with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and can also beadministered in conjunction with antimicrobial agents such aspenicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides.Conjunctive therapy, thus includes sequential, simultaneous and separateadministration of the active compound in a way that the therapeuticaleffects of the first administered one is not entirely disappeared whenthe subsequent is administered.

[0473] The addition of the active compound of the invention to animalfeed is preferably accomplished by preparing an appropriate feed premixcontaining the active compound in an effective amount and incorporatingthe premix into the complete ration.

[0474] Alternatively, an intermediate concentrate or feed supplementcontaining the active ingredient can be blended into the feed. The wayin which such feed premixes and complete rations can be prepared andadministered are described in reference books (such as “Applied AnimalNutrition”, W. H. Freedman and CO., San Francisco, U.S.A., 1969 or“Livestock Feeds and Feeding” 0 and B books, Corvallis, Oreg., U.S.A.,1977).

[0475] Combinatorial Libraries

[0476] The subject reactions readily lend themselves to the creation ofcombinatorial libraries of compounds for the screening ofpharmaceutical, agrochemical or other biological or medically-relatedactivity or material-related qualities. A combinatorial library for thepurposes of the present invention is a mixture of chemically relatedcompounds which may be screened together for a desired property; saidlibraries may be in solution or covalently linked to a solid support.The preparation of many related compounds in a single reaction greatlyreduces and simplifies the number of screening processes which need tobe carried out. Screening for the appropriate biological,pharmaceutical, agrochemical or physical property may be done byconventional methods.

[0477] Diversity in a library can be created at a variety of differentlevels. For instance, the substrate aryl groups used in a combinatorialapproach can be diverse in terms of the core aryl moiety, e.g., avariegation in terms of the ring structure, and/or can be varied withrespect to the other substituents.

[0478] A variety of techniques are available in the art for generatingcombinatorial libraries of small organic molecules. See, for example,Blondelle et al. (1995) Trends Anal. Chem. 14:83; the Affymax U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,359,115 and 5,362,899: the Ellman U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,514: theStill et al. PCT publication WO 94/08051; Chen et al. (1994) JACS116:2661: Kerr et al. (1993) JACS 115:252; PCT publications WO92/10092,WO93/09668 and WO91/07087; and the Lemer et al. PCT publicationWO93/20242). Accordingly, a variety of libraries on the order of about16 to 1,000,000 or more diversomers can be synthesized and screened fora particular activity or property.

[0479] In an exemplary embodiment, a library of substituted diversomerscan be synthesized using the subject reactions adapted to the techniquesdescribed in the Still et al. PCT publication WO 94/0805 1, e.g., beinglinked to a polymer bead by a hydrolyzable or photolyzable group, e.g.,located at one of the positions of substrate. According to the Still etal. technique, the library is synthesized on a set of beads, each beadincluding a set of tags identifying the particular diversomer on thatbead. In one embodiment, which is particularly suitable for discoveringenzyme inhibitors, the beads can be dispersed on the surface of apermeable membrane, and the diversomers released from the beads by lysisof the bead linker. The diversomer from each bead will diffuse acrossthe membrane to an assay zone, where it will interact with an enzymeassay. Detailed descriptions of a number of combinatorial methodologiesare provided below.

[0480] A) Direct Characterization

[0481] A growing trend in the field of combinatorial chemistry is toexploit the sensitivity of techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS),e.g., which can be used to characterize sub-femtomolar amounts of acompound, and to directly determine the chemical constitution of acompound selected from a combinatorial library. For instance, where thelibrary is provided on an insoluble support matrix, discrete populationsof compounds can be first released from the support and characterized byMS. In other embodiments, as part of the MS sample preparationtechnique, such MS techniques as MALDI can be used to release a compoundfrom the matrix, particularly where a labile bond is used originally totether the compound to the matrix. For instance, a bead selected from alibrary can be irradiated in a MALDI step in order to release thediversomer from the matrix, and ionize the diversomer for MS analysis.

[0482] B) Multipin Synthesis

[0483] The libraries of the subject method can take the multipin libraryformat. Briefly, Geysen and co-workers (Geysen et al. (1984) PNAS81:3998-4002) introduced a method for generating compound libraries by aparallel synthesis on polyacrylic acid-grated polyethylene pins arrayedin the microtitre plate format. The Geysen technique can be used tosynthesize and screen thousands of compounds per week using the multipinmethod, and the tethered compounds may be reused in many assays.Appropriate linker moieties can also been appended to the pins so thatthe compounds may be cleaved from the supports after synthesis forassessment of purity and further evaluation (c.f., Bray et al. (1990)Tetrahedron Lett 31:5811-5814; Valerio et al. (1991) Anal Biochem197:168-177; Bray et al. (1991) Tetrahedron Lett 32:6163-6166).

[0484] C) Divide-Couple-Recombine

[0485] In yet another embodiment, a variegated library of compounds canbe provided on a set of beads utilizing the strategy ofdivide-couple-recombine (see, e.g., Houghten (1985) PNAS 82:5131-5135;and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,631,211; 5,440,016; 5,480,971). Briefly, as thename implies, at each synthesis step where degeneracy is introduced intothe library, the beads are divided into separate groups equal to thenumber of different substituents to be added at a particular position inthe library, the different substituents coupled in separate reactions,and the beads recombined into one pool for the next iteration.

[0486] In one embodiment, the divide-couple-recombine strategy can becarried out using an analogous approach to the so-called “tea bag”method first developed by Houghten, where compound synthesis occurs onresin sealed inside porous polypropylene bags (Houghten et al. (1986)PNAS 82:5131-5135). Substituents are coupled to the compound-bearingresins by placing the bags in appropriate reaction solutions, while allcommon steps such as resin washing and deprotection are performedsimultaneously in one reaction vessel. At the end of the synthesis, eachbag contains a single compound.

[0487] D) Combinatorial Libraries by Light-Directed, SpatiallyAddressable Parallel Chemical Synthesis

[0488] A scheme of combinatorial synthesis in which the identity of acompound is given by its locations on a synthesis substrate is termed aspatially-addressable synthesis. In one embodiment, the combinatorialprocess is carried out by controlling the addition of a chemical reagentto specific locations on a solid support (Dower et al. (1991) Annu RepMed Chem 26:271-280; Fodor, S. P. A. (1991) Science 251:767; Pirrung etal. (1992) U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854; Jacobs et al. (1994) TrendsBiotechnol 12:19-26). The spatial resolution of photolithography affordsminiaturization. This technique can be carried out through the useprotection/deprotection reactions with photolabile protecting groups.

[0489] The key points of this technology are illustrated in Gallop etal. (1994) J Med Chem 37:1233-1251. A synthesis substrate is preparedfor coupling through the covalent attachment of photolabilenitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) protected amino linkers or otherphotolabile linkers. Light is used to selectively activate a specifiedregion of the synthesis support for coupling. Removal of the photolabileprotecting groups by light (deprotection) results in activation ofselected areas. After activation, the first of a set of amino acidanalogs, each bearing a photolabile protecting group on the aminoterminus, is exposed to the entire surface. Coupling only occurs inregions that were addressed by light in the preceding step. The reactionis stopped, the plates washed, and the substrate is again illuminatedthrough a second mask, activating a different region for reaction with asecond protected building block. The pattern of masks and the sequenceof reactants define the products and their locations. Since this processutilizes photolithography techniques, the number of compounds that canbe synthesized is limited only by the number of synthesis sites that canbe addressed with appropriate resolution. The position of each compoundis precisely known; hence, its interactions with other molecules can bedirectly assessed.

[0490] In a light-directed chemical synthesis, the products depend onthe pattern of illumination and on the order of addition of reactants.By varying the lithographic patterns, many different sets of testcompounds can be synthesized simultaneously; this characteristic leadsto the generation of many different masking strategies.

[0491] E) Encoded Combinatorial Libraries

[0492] In yet another embodiment, the subject method utilizes a compoundlibrary provided with an encoded tagging system. A recent improvement inthe identification of active compounds from combinatorial librariesemploys chemical indexing systems using tags that uniquely encode thereaction steps a given bead has undergone and, by inference, thestructure it carries. Conceptually, this approach mimics phage displaylibraries, where activity derives from expressed peptides, but thestructures of the active peptides are deduced from the correspondinggenomic DNA sequence. The first encoding of synthetic combinatoriallibraries employed DNA as the code. A variety of other forms of encodinghave been reported, including encoding with sequenceable bio-oligomers(e.g., oligonucleotides and peptides), and binary encoding withadditional non-sequenceable tags.

[0493] 1) Tagging with Sequenceable Bio-Oligomers

[0494] The principle of using oligonucleotides to encode combinatorialsynthetic libraries was described in 1992 (Brenner et al. (1992) PNAS89:5381-5383), and an example of such a library appeared the followingyear (Needles et al. (1993) PNAS 90:10700-10704). A combinatoriallibrary of nominally 7⁷ (=823,543) peptides composed of all combinationsof Arg, Gln, Phe, Lys, Val, D-Val and Thr (three-letter amino acidcode), each of which was encoded by a specific dinucleotide (TA, TC, CT,AT, TT, CA and AC, respectively), was prepared by a series ofalternating rounds of peptide and oligonucleotide synthesis on solidsupport. In this work, the amine linking functionality on the bead wasspecifically differentiated toward peptide or oligonucleotide synthesisby simultaneously preincubating the beads with reagents that generateprotected OH groups for oligonucleotide synthesis and protected NH₂groups for peptide synthesis (here, in a ratio of 1:20). When complete,the tags each consisted of 69-mers, 14 units of which carried the code.The bead-bound library was incubated with a fluorescently labeledantibody, and beads containing bound antibody that fluoresced stronglywere harvested by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The DNAtags were amplified by PCR and sequenced, and the predicted peptideswere synthesized. Following such techniques, compound libraries can bederived for use in the subject method, where the oligonucleotidesequence of the tag identifies the sequential combinatorial reactionsthat a particular bead underwent, and therefore provides the identity ofthe compound on the bead.

[0495] The use of oligonucleotide tags permits exquisitely sensitive taganalysis. Even so, the method requires careful choice of orthogonal setsof protecting groups required for alternating co-synthesis of the tagand the library member. Furthermore, the chemical lability of the tag,particularly the phosphate and sugar anomeric linkages, may limit thechoice of reagents and conditions that can be employed for the synthesisof non-oligomeric libraries. In preferred embodiments, the librariesemploy linkers permitting selective detachment of the test compoundlibrary member for assay.

[0496] Peptides have also been employed as tagging molecules forcombinatorial libraries. Two exemplary approaches are described in theart, both of which employ branched linkers to solid phase upon whichcoding and ligand strands are alternately elaborated. In the firstapproach (Kerr J M et al. (1993) J Am Chem Soc 115:2529-2531),orthogonality in synthesis is achieved by employing acid-labileprotection for the coding strand and base-labile protection for thecompound strand.

[0497] In an alternative approach (Nikolaiev et al. (1993) Pept Res6:161-170), branched linkers are employed so that the coding unit andthe test compound can both be attached to the same functional group onthe resin. In one embodiment, a cleavable linker can be placed betweenthe branch point and the bead so that cleavage releases a moleculecontaining both code and the compound (Ptek et al. (1991) TetrahedronLett 32:3891-3894). In another embodiment, the cleavable linker can beplaced so that the test compound can be selectively separated from thebead, leaving the code behind. This last construct is particularlyvaluable because it permits screening of the test compound withoutpotential interference of the coding groups. Examples in the art ofindependent cleavage and sequencing of peptide library members and theircorresponding tags has confirmed that the tags can accurately predictthe peptide structure.

[0498] 2) Non-Sequenceable Tagging: Binary Encoding

[0499] An alternative form of encoding the test compound library employsa set of non-sequencable electrophoric tagging molecules that are usedas a binary code (Ohlmeyer et al. (1993) PNAS 90:10922-10926). Exemplarytags are haloaromatic alkyl ethers that are detectable as theirtrimethylsilyl ethers at less than femtomolar levels by electron capturegas chromatography (ECGC). Variations in the length of the alkyl chain,as well as the nature and position of the aromatic halide substituents,permit the synthesis of at least 40 such tags, which in principle canencode 2⁴⁰ (e.g., upwards of 10¹²) different molecules. In the originalreport (Ohlmeyer et al., supra) the tags were bound to about 1% of theavailable amine groups of a peptide library via a photocleavableo-nitrobenzyl linker. This approach is convenient when preparingcombinatorial libraries of peptide-like or other amine-containingmolecules. A more versatile system has, however, been developed thatpermits encoding of essentially any combinatorial library. Here, thecompound would be attached to the solid support via the photocleavablelinker and the tag is attached through a catechol ether linker viacarbene insertion into the bead matrix (Nestler et al. (1994) J Org Chem59:4723-4724). This orthogonal attachment strategy permits the selectivedetachment of library members for assay in solution and subsequentdecoding by ECGC after oxidative detachment of the tag sets.

[0500] Although several amide-linked libraries in the art employ binaryencoding with the electrophoric tags attached to amine groups, attachingthese tags directly to the bead matrix provides far greater versatilityin the structures that can be prepared in encoded combinatoriallibraries. Attached in this way, the tags and their linker are nearly asunreactive as the bead matrix itself. Two binary-encoded combinatoriallibraries have been reported where the electrophoric tags are attacheddirectly to the solid phase (Ohlmeyer et al. (1995) PNAS 92:6027-6031)and provide guidance for generating the subject compound library. Bothlibraries were constructed using an orthogonal attachment strategy inwhich the library member was linked to the solid support by aphotolabile linker and the tags were attached through a linker cleavableonly by vigorous oxidation. Because the library members can berepetitively partially photoeluted from the solid support, librarymembers can be utilized in multiple assays. Successive photoelution alsopermits a very high throughput iterative screening strategy: first,multiple beads are placed in 96-well microtiter plates; second,compounds are partially detached and transferred to assay plates; third,a metal binding assay identifies the active wells; fourth, thecorresponding beads are rearrayed singly into new microtiter plates;fifth, single active compounds are identified; and sixth, the structuresare decoded.

Exemplification

[0501] The invention now being generally described, it will be morereadily understood by reference to the following examples, which areincluded merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects andembodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit theinvention.

EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of N-Boc-3-piperidinemethanol (2)

[0502]

[0503] A solution of 3-piperidinemethanol (1) (15.20 g, 0.132 mol) in 30mL of THF and 30 mL of H₂O was cooled in ice-water bath and NEt₃ (20 mL)was added with stirring. Stirring and cooling were continued whiledi-tert-butyl dicarbonate (34.56 g, 1.2 eq.) was introduced. The mixturewas warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. 100 mL of ethylacetate and 20 mL of H₂O were added to mixture. The aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The extracts were combined andwashed with aqueous potassium carbonate (sat., 2×50 mL), aqueous HCl(5%, 2×50 mL), brine (50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,filtered and evaporated. Colorless oil 28.5 g (100%). TLC R_(f)=0.21(ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:2).

EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis of N-Boc-piperidin-3-yl-formaldehyde (3)

[0504]

[0505] To a stirred suspension of pyridinium chlorochromate (98%, 34.0g, 0.155 mol) and Celite (24 g) in 200 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was addedN-Boc-3-piperidinemethanol (2) (22.15 g, 0.103 mol) in 30 mL of CH₂Cl₂in one portion, and the mixture was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The mixture was filtered by passing through a funnel filledwith 20 g of Celite. After the solvent was removed, the remaining oilyresidue was purified by a flash column (silica gel; hexane:ethylacetate, 4:1) to afford 3 as a colorless oil 17.5 g (80%).

EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis of N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline (4)

[0506]

[0507] To a solution of N-Boc-piperidin-3-yl-formaldehyde 3 ( 5.20 g,24.4 mmol) in 50 mL of dry methanol and 50 mL of trimethylorthoformatewas added aniline (2.50 g, 1.1 eq.), and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 30 minutes. NaBH₃CN (95%, 1.84 g, 1.1 eq.) wasintroduced in one portion, and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 30 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100mL). The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat.,2×50 mL), brine (50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Afterthe solvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified by aflash column chromatography (silica gel, hexane:ethyl acetate (1:1) toafford N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline 4 as white solid (5.60 g,79%). IR (film, cm⁻¹) 3520, 3263, 3004, 2976, 2932, 2854, 1688, 1589,1521, 1482, 1422, 1365, 1267, 1243, 1175, 1150, 794, 709; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,ppm) 7.20 (t, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 6.72 (t, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 6.63 (d, 2H, J=8.3Hz), 4.00-3.78 (m, 3H), 3.07-2.70 (m, 4H), 2.00-1.20 (m, 5H), 1.48 (s,overlap, 9H).

EXAMPLE 4 Synthesis ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide (5)

[0508]

[0509] To a solution of N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline 4 (4.60g, 15.8 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.40 mL, 15.8 mmol) in 25mL of dry methylene chloride was added propionyl chloride (1.40 mL, 15.8mmol) dropwise at 0° C. After being stirred at room temperatureovernight, the reaction mixture was quenched with 30 mL of H₂O andextracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The extracts were combined andwashed with aqueous HCl (5%, 20 mL), NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×30 mL), brine (50mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent wasremoved, the remaining oily residue was purified by a flash columnchromatography (silica gel, hexane:ethyl acetate) to affordN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 5 as a colorlessoil (4.50 g, 82%). IR (film, cm⁻¹) 2975, 2934, 2854, 1690, 1663, 1591,1496, 1422, 1402, 1365, 1265, 1242, 1176, 1149, 1038, 962,775, 702; ¹HNMR (CDCl₃, ppm) 7.44-7.22 (m, 5H), 4.09-3.22 (m, 4H), 2.80-2.09 (m,2H), 2.06 (q, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.75-1.19 (m, 5H), 1.48(s, overlap, 9H),1.06 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).

EXAMPLE 5 Synthesis ofN-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide (6)

[0510]

[0511] Trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 5 (1.21 g, 3.49mmol) in 5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed the reactionwas complete. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 3 hrs. The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (5.0 mL) andphenylacetaldehyde (5.3 mL, 2M/in DMF, 5.3 mmol) was added. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 1.18 g, 5.3mmol.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was stirred atroom temperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 10 mL ofaqueous potassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate(3×60 mL). The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃(sat., 2×10 mL), brine (30 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.After the solvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purifiedby a flash column chromatography to give 6. IR (film, cm⁻¹) 3060, 3026,2934, 2854, 2800, 2765, 1662, 1495, 1452, 1401, 1262, 1203, 1150, 1106,966, 1033, 775, 749; LRMS 351.

EXAMPLE 6 Synthesis ofN-(1-Benzyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide (7)

[0512]

[0513] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 5 (31 mg, 0.090mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed the reactionwas complete. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 3 hrs. The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) andbenzaldehyde (13.6 μL, 1.5 eq.) was added. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 28.45 mg, 1.5 eq.) wasintroduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordN-(1-Benzyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 7 as a colorlessoil (26.6 mg, 88%). LRMS 337.

EXAMPLE 7N-[1-(Thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide(8)

[0514]

[0515] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 5 (31 mg, 0.090mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed the reactionwas complete. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 3 hrs. The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and2-thiophene carboxaldehyde (12.5 μL, 1.5 eq.) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 28.45 mg, 1.5eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordN-[1-(Thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide 8as a colorless oil (25.2 mg, 82%). LRMS 343.

EXAMPLE 8 Synthesis of(N-[1-(4-pyridinyl-N-oxidomethyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide(9)

[0516]

[0517] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 5 (31 mg, 0.090mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed the reactionwas complete. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 3 hrs. The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde N-oxide (17 mg, 1.5 eq.) was added. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 28.45 mg,1.5 eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken atroom temperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL ofaqueous potassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate(3×10 mL). The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃(sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.After the solvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purifiedby preparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to afford 9as a colorless oil (18.7 mg, 59%). LRMS 354.

EXAMPLE 9 Synthesis of(N-[1-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide (10)

[0518]

[0519] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 5 (31 mg, 0.090mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed the reactionwas complete. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 3 hrs. The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and4-anisaldehyde (16.7 μL, 1.5 eq.) was added. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 28.45 mg, 1.5 eq.). wasintroduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordN-[1-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide 10 asa colorless oil (18.7 mg, 59%). LRMS 366.

EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis of(N-[1-(1H-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide(11)

[0520]

[0521] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 5 (21 mg, 0.061mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed the reactionwas complete. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 3 hrs. The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and2-imidazole carboxaldehyde (8.7 mg, 1.5 eq.) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 20.3 mg, 1.5eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordN-[1-(1H-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide11 as a colorless oil (10.7 mg, 54%). LRMS 327.

EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis of(N-[1-(Pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide(12)

[0522]

[0523] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 5 (21 mg, 0.061mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed the reactionwas complete. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 3 hrs. The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and3-pyridine carboxaldehyde (8.6 μL, 1.5 eq.) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 20.3 mg, 1.5eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5μL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordN-[1-(Pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide 12as a colorless oil (15.6 mg, 76%). LRMS 338.

EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis of Furan-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide (13)

[0524]

[0525] To a stirred suspension of N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline4 (61.0 mg, 0.21 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (60 mg) in0.6 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added 2-furoyl chloride (95%, 35.1 mg, 1.2 eq.)at room temperature. After being shaken at room temperature for 4 hours,the reaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH2 cartridge andwashed with CH₂Cl₂. Removal of CH₂Cl₂ afforded furan-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide 13 (75 mg, 93%). LRMS 285(M-100)⁺.

EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis of Furan-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide (14)

[0526]

[0527] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution offuran-2-carboxylic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide 13(46 mg, 0.12 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLCshowed the reaction was complete. After removal of the solvents, theresidue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs (LRMS 285). The crude compoundwas dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and was added phenylacetaldehyde (150 μL,2M/in DMF). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min.NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 55 mg, 2 eq.) was introduced in one portion, and themixture was shaken at room temperature overnight. The mixture wasquenched with 5 mL of aqueous potassium carbonate (sat.), then extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The extracts were combined and washed withaqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydroussodium sulfate. After the solvent was removed, the remaining oilyresidue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography(EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to afford Furan-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide 14 as a colorless oil(20.3 mg, 44%). LRMS 389.

EXAMPLE 14 Synthesis of Thiophene-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide (15)

[0528]

[0529] To a stirred suspension of N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline4 (60.9 mg, 0.21 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (60 mg) in0.6 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride (97%, 39.2mg, 1.2 eq.) at room temperature. After being shaken at room temperaturefor 4 hours, the reaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH₂cartridge and washed with CH₂Cl₂. Removal of CH₂Cl₂ affordedthiophene-2-carboxylic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylamide 15 (82.1 mg, 98%). LRMS 300 (M-100)⁺.

EXAMPLE 15 Synthesis of Thiophene-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide (16)

[0530]

[0531] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofthiophene-2-carboxylic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylamide 15 (46.7 mg, 0.12 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C.(ice-water). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30minutes. TLC showed the reaction was complete. After removal of thesolvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs (LRMS 301). Thecrude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (150μL, 2M/in DMF) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 55 mg, 2 eq.) was introduced in oneportion, and the mixture was shaken at room temperature overnight. Themixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueous potassium carbonate (sat.),then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The extracts were combinedand washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent was removed, theremaining oily residue was purified by preparative thin layerchromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to afford thiophene-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide 16 as an oil (25.2mg, 53%). LRMS 405.

EXAMPLE 16 Synthesis ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amine (17)

[0532]

[0533] To a solution of N-Boc-piperidin-3-yl-formaldehyde 3 (0.89 g,4.16 mmol) in 3 mL of dry methanol and 3 mL of trimethylorthoformate wasadded 3-aminopyridine (0.39 g, 1 eq.), and the mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 1.5 hours. NaBH₃CN (95%, 0.29 g, 1.05 eq.) wasintroduced in one portion, and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 10 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 ML).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×10mL), brine (20 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate) to affordN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) amine 17 as a whitesolid (0.91 g, 75%). LRMS 292.

EXAMPLE 17 Synthesis ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)propionamide (18)

[0534]

[0535] To a solution of N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amine 17 (100 mg, 0.34 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (100mg) in 1 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added propionyl chloride (30 μL, 1 eq.) atroom temperature. After being shaken at room temperature overnight, thereaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH₂ cartridge andwashed with CH₂Cl₂. Removal of CH₂Cl₂ affordedN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) propionamide 18 (85 mg,71%). LRMS 248 (M-100)⁺.

EXAMPLE 18 Synthesis ofN-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)propionamide (19)

[0536]

[0537] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) propionamide 18 (42.5mg, 0.12 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Afterremoval of the solvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs(LRMS 248). The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) andphenylacetaldehyde (122 μL, 2M/in DMF) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 58 mg, 2 eq.)was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordN-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)propionamide 19 asan oil (9.2 mg, 28%). IR (film, cm⁻¹) 3026, 2933, 2852, 2794, 2765,1666, 1479, 1421, 1396, 1261, 1237, 1214, 1188, 1159, 1114, 1078, 1026,749, 719. LRMS 352.

EXAMPLE 19 Synthesis of Furan-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amide (20)

[0538]

[0539] To a solution of N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amine 17 (99 mg, 0.34 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (100mg) in 1 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added 2-furoyl chloride (95%, 56.0 mg, 1.2eq.) at room temperature. After being shaken at room temperatureovernight, the reaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH₂cartridge and washed with CH₂Cl₂. Removal of CH₂Cl₂ affordedfuran-2-carboxylic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amide 20 (80 mg, 61%). LRMS 286 (M-100)⁺.

EXAMPLE 20 Synthesis of Furan-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amide (21)

[0540]

[0541] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution offuran-2-carboxylic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amide 20 (37 mg, 0.096 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C.(ice-water). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30minutes. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 3 hrs (LRMS 286). The crude compound was dissolved in DMF(0.5 mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (95 μL, 2M/in DMF) was added. Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 45mg, 2 eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken atroom temperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL ofaqueous potassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate(3×10 mL). The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃(sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.After the solvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purifiedby preparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordfuran-2-carboxylic acidN-(1-phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) amide 21 as an oil(21.8 mg, 58%). IR (film, cm⁻¹) 3024, 2932, 2854, 2801, 2767, 1647,1574, 1478, 1424, 1397, 1306, 1226, 1186, 1113, 1027, 1011, 752, 715; ¹HNMR (CDCl₃, ppm) 8.61 (d, 1H), 8.51 (d, 1H), 7.58 (m, 1H), 7.36 (m, 1H),7.29-7.18 (m, 6H), 6.26 (m, 2H), 3.85 (ddd, 2H, J=32.7, 13.7, 6.6 Hz),2.96 (m, 2H), 2.81 (m, 2H), 2.62 (m, 2H), 2.04 (m, 3H), 1.76 (m, 2H),1.60 (m, 1H), 1.19 (m, 1H). LRMS 390.

EXAMPLE 21 Synthesis of Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amide (22)

[0542]

[0543] To a solution of N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amine 17 (56 mg, 0.19 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (3.5mM/g, 60 mg) in 0.6 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added cyclopropanecarbonylchloride (98%, 21 μL, 1.2 eq.) at room temperature. After being shakenat room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was passed throughan aminopropyl NH₂ cartridge and washed with CH₂Cl₂. Removal of CH₂Cl₂afforded Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) amide 22 (50 mg, 73%).LRMS 260 (M-100)⁺.

EXAMPLE 22 Synthesis of Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amide (23)

[0544]

[0545] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofCyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) amide 22 (46 mg, 0.128mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After removal of thesolvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs (LRMS 260). Thecrude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (130μL, 2M/in DMF) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 57 mg, 2 eq.) was introduced in oneportion, and the mixture was shaken at room temperature overnight. Themixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueous potassium carbonate (sat.),then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The extracts were combinedand washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent was removed, theremaining oily residue was purified by preparative thin layerchromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to afford cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) amide 23 as oil(23.5 mg, 51%). IR (film, cm⁻¹) 3026, 2931, 2854, 2800, 2765, 1657,1582, 1573, 1479, 1445, 1408, 1263, 1202, 1188, 1118, 1025, 748, 735; ¹HNMR (CDCl₃, ppm) 8.62 (m, 2H), 7.65 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.41 (dd, 1H,J=12.7, 4.8 Hz), 7.33-7.19 (m, 5H), 3.72 (m, 2H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.80 (m,2H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m,1H), 1.26 (m, 2H), 1.09 (m, 3H), 0.69(m, 1H); LRMS 364.

EXAMPLE 23 Synthesis of N-Boc-(R)-nipecotic acid (25)

[0546]

[0547] A solution of ethyl N-Boc-(R)-nipecotate-L-tartrate (24) (10.00g, 32.5 mol) in 50 mL of dioxane and 50 mL of H₂O was cooled inice-water bath and NEt₃ (9 mL) was added with stirring. Stirring andcooling were continued while di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (7.44 g, 1.05eq.) was introduced. The mixture was warmed to room temperature andstirred for 4h. 100 mL of Ethyl acetate and 20 mL of H₂O were added tomixture. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous potassium carbonate(sat., 2×50 mL), aqueous HCl (5%, 2×50 mL), brine (50 mL), and driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give ethylN-Boc-(R)-nipecotate as a colorless oil 8.37 g (100%).

[0548] To a solution of ethyl N-Boc-(R)-nipecotate (7.61 g, 29.6 mmol)in 25 mL of methanol was added LiOH (2.48 g, 2 eq.) in 25 mL of H₂Odropwise at 4° C. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at 4° C.The pH of the mixture was adjusted to ca. 1 by adding aqueous HCl (10%w/w). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). Theextracts were combined and washed with aqueous NH₄Cl (sat., 2×50 mL),brine (50 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporatedto give N-Boc-(R)-nipecotic acid 25 as a white solid 6.25 g (92%).

EXAMPLE 24 Synthesis of (R)-1-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenylamide (26)

[0549]

[0550] To a solution of N-Boc-(R)-nipecotic acid 25 (4.00 g, 17.5 mmol)and aniline (1.67 mL, 1.05 eq.) in 30 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added DCC(4.88 g, 1.05 eq.) in one portion at 0° C. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 4 hours. Filtration and removal of the solvent gavean oily crude product, which was purified by flash column chromatography(silica gel, hexane:ethyl acetate) to afford(R)-1-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenyl amide 26 as a colorlessoil (5.26 g, 99%).

EXAMPLE 25 Synthesis of (R)-1-Phenethyl piperidine-3-carboxylic acidphenyl amide (27)

[0551]

[0552] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to(R)-1-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenyl amide 26 (46.7 mg, 0.154mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After removal of thesolvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs (LRMS 309). Thecrude compound was dissolved in DMF (0.5 mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (154μL, 2M/in DMF) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 101 mg, 2 eq.) was introduced in oneportion, and the mixture was shaken at room temperature overnight. Themixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueous potassium carbonate (sat.),then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The extracts were combinedand washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent was removed, theremaining oily residue was purified by preparative thin layerchromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to afford (R)-1-Phenethylpiperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenyl amide 27 as an oil (8.2 mg, 17%).LRMS 309.

EXAMPLE 26 Synthesis of (R)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline (28)

[0553]

[0554] (R)-1-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenyl amide 26 (5.26 g,17.28 mmol) in 20 mL of dry THF was added slowly to 34.5 mL of 1.0 Mborane in THF while stirring in an ice bath. The mixture was refluxedfor 2 hours, then cooled in an ice bath, and quenched with 20 mL ofaqueous HCl (10%), then treated with NaOH (10%) to pH ˜10. The mixturewas extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The extracts were combinedand washed with brine (2×50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate. After the solvent was removed, the remaining oily residue waspassed through a short column (silica gel, ethyl acetate) to afford(R)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline 28 as a colorless oil (4.59g, 91%).

EXAMPLE 27 Synthesis of (R)N-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide (30)

[0555]

[0556] Following a procedure similar to that described in Examples 4 and5, (R)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline 28 was converted first to(R)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 29, and then to(R) N-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 30 (LRMS350).

EXAMPLE 28 Synthesis of(S)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide (31)

[0557]

[0558] Resolution of (racemic)-5 was effected by HPLC on a Chiralpak ADsemipreparative column (hexane/isopropyl alcohol, 95:5). The firstcompound to separate was (R)-29. The second was(S)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 31.

EXAMPLE 29 Synthesis of (S)N-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide (32)

[0559]

[0560] Following the procedures described in Example 5,(S)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 31 wasconverted to (S)N-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 32 (LRMS350).

EXAMPLE 30

[0561] Lack of Acute in vivo Toxicity of 6 in Mice

[0562] A 7 mg/mL solution of 6 in 50 mM aqueous sodium acetate wasprepared. A dose of 1 mg/kg was administered to four male mice via tailvein injections. The mice showed no adverse effects from the compound.Furthermore, a dose of 10 mg/kg was administered to four male mice viaintraperitoneal injections. Likewise, the mice showed no adverse effectsfrom the compound at this concentration.

EXAMPLE 31

[0563] In vivo Analgesia of 6 in Mice

[0564] A “tail-flick” analgesia model known in the art was utilized(D'Amour et al J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1941, 72, 74). Groups of fourmale mice weighing 22 g were treated with 6. Compound 6 was dissolved ina vehicle of 50 mM aqueous sodium acetate for both intraperitoneal andintravenous administration. The control group received vehicle alone.Before treatment (0 minute), pre-selection was done by using a focusedbeam of radiant heat applied to the middle dorsal surface of the animaltail to elicit a tail flick response within 6-7.5 seconds. Compound 6was administered for 30 minutes and 1 minute for ip and iv injection,respectively, before the stimulation by the focused beam of radiant heatused as pre-selection. The time required to elicit the tail-flickresponse was recorded for each animal and a maximum cut-off of 15seconds was set. Prolongation by 50% or more of the time required toelicit a tail-flick response relative to pretreated animals indicatedanalgesic activity. The results of these experiments are recorded intable 2. See also FIG. 2. TABLE 2 Compound Route ED₅₀ 6 ip   7 mg/kg 6iv 0.3 mg/kg

EXAMPLE 32

[0565] Agonism of Opiate Receptors

[0566] This example demonstrates significant agonism of opiate μ, κ, andδ receptors by (S)-32 and significant agonism of opiate μ, κ by (R)-30,utilizing procedures outlined by Maguire et al. (Eur. J. Pharmacol.1992, 213, 219). The results are recorded in Table 3. TABLE 3 Compound μκ δ (R)-30 0.3 μM 0.3 μM — (S)-32 0.1 μM 0.1 μM 0.1 μM

EXAMPLE 33 1-Phenethylpiperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenylamide 35

[0567]

[0568] To a solution of N-Boc-nipecotic acid 33 (102 mg, 0.445 mmol) andaniline (41 μL, 1.0 eq.) in 2 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added DCC-resin (430mg). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature overnight.Filtration and removal of the solvent gave oily crude product, which waspurified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexane:ethylacetate) to afford 1-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenyl amide 34 asa colorless oil (120 mg, 89%).

[0569] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to1-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenyl amide 34 (62 mg, 0.20 mmol) in0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After removal of thesolvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs. The crudeproduct was used in the next step without purification.

[0570] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in DMF(0.5 mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (400 μL, 2M/in DMF) was added. Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 90mg, 2 eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken atroom temperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL ofaqueous potassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate(3×10 mL). The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃(sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.After the solvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purifiedby preparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to afford1-Phenethylpiperidine-3-carboxylic acid phenylamide 35. LRMS 309.

EXAMPLE 34 1-Phenethylpiperidine-3-carboxylic acid N-phenyl-N-ethylamide37

[0571]

[0572] To a solution of N-Boc-nipecotic acid 33 (113 mg, 0.493 mmol) andethylaniline (62 μL, 1.0 eq.) in 2 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added DCC-resin(480 mg). The reaction mixture was shaken at room temperature overnight.Filtration and removal of the solvent gave an oily crude product, whichwas purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexane:ethylacetate) to afford 1-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylic acidN-phenyl-N-ethhylamide 36 as a colorless oil (150 mg, 92%).

[0573] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a1-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid N-phenyl-N-ethhylamide 36 (56 mg,0.168 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After removal ofthe solvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs. The crudeproduct was used in the next step without purification.

[0574] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in DMF(0.5 mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (67 mg, 3 eq.) was added. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 112 mg, 3eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to afford1-Phenethylpiperidine-3-carboxylic acid N-phenyl-N-ethylamide 37. LRMS336.

EXAMPLE 35 Methoxyacetic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylamide 39

[0575]

[0576] To a stirred suspension of N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-aniline4 (101 mg, 0.348 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (110 mg)in 2 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added methoxyacetyl chloride (97%, 34 μL, 1.05eq.) at room temperature. After being shaken at room temperature for 4hours, the reaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH₂cartridge and washed with CH₂Cl₂ Removal of CH₂Cl₂ affordedmethoxyacetic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylamide 38 (70mg, 56%).

[0577] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofmethoxyacetic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl amide 38(61.8 mg, 0.17 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minute. TLCshowed the reaction was complete. After removal of the solvents, theresidue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs. The crude product was used inthe next step without purification.

[0578] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in DMF(1.0 mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (68.3 mg, 3 eq.) was added. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 108 mg, 3eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordMethoxyacetic acid N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylamide 39as a colorless oil (31 mg, 49%). LRMS 363.

EXAMPLE 36N-(1-(3′-Phenyl)propylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 44

[0579]

[0580] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofcompound N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 5 (58 mg,0.167 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed thereaction was complete. After removal of the solvents, the residue wasdried under vacuum for 3 hrs. The crude product was used in the nextstep without purification.

[0581] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in DMF(0.5 mL) and benzaldehyde (46 μL, 2 eq.) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 75 mg, 2 eq.)was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordN-(1-(3′-Phenyl)propylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 44 as acolorless oil (49 mg, 80%). LRMS 364.

EXAMPLE 37 N-Boc-3-Azetidinecarboxylic acid 46

[0582]

[0583] A solution of 3-Azetidinecarboxylic acid (45) (250 mg, 2.47 mmol)in 5 mL of THF and 5 mL of H₂O was cooled in an ice-water bath and NEt₃(689 μL) was added with stirring. Stirring and cooling were continuedwhile di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (570 mg, 1.05 eq.) was introduced. Themixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. 20 mL ofEthyl acetate and 10 mL of H₂O were added to mixture. The aqueous layerwas extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The extracts were combinedand washed with aqueous potassium carbonate (sat., 2×10 mL), aqueous HCl(5%, 2×10 mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,and filtered. Removal of solvents gave 46 as a white solid 0.50 g (100%)

EXAMPLE 38 N-(1-Boc-Azetidine-3-ylmethyl)aniline 48

[0584]

[0585] To a solution of N-Boc-3-Azetidinecarboxylic acid 46 (0.50 g,2.48 mmol) and aniline (274 μL, 1.1 eq.) in 5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was addedDCC (730 mg, 1.1 eq.) in one portion at 0° C. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 3 hours. Filtration and removal of the solvent gavean oily crude product, which was purified by flash column chromatography(silica gel, hexane:ethyl acetate) to afford1-Boc-Azetidine-3-carboxylic acid phenylamide 47 as a colorless oil (660mg, 96%).

[0586] 1-Boc-Azetidine-3-carboxylic acid phenylamide 47 (650 mg, 2.35mmol) in 5 mL of dry THF was added slowly to 5 mL of 1.0 M borane in THFwhile stirring in an ice bath. The mixture was refluxed for 3 hours,then cooled in ice bath and quenched with 5 mL of aqueous HCl (10%),then treated with NaOH (10%) to pH 10. The mixture was extracted withethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The extracts were combined and washed withbrine (2×10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was passed through ashort column (silica gel, ethyl acetate) to affordN-(1-Boc-azetidine-3-ylmethyl)aniline 48 as a colorless oil (520 mg,84%).

EXAMPLE 39 N-(1-phenethylazetidine-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 50

[0587]

[0588] To a solution of N-(1-Boc-Azetidine-3-ylmethyl)aniline 48 (218.6mg, 0.791 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (250 mg) in 2 mLof dry CH₂Cl₂ was added propionyl chloride (77 μL, 1 eq.) at roomtemperature. After being shaken at room temperature overnight, thereaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH₂ cartridge andwashed with CH₂Cl₂ Removal of CH₂Cl₂ affordedN-(1-Boc-azetidine-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 49 (241 mg, 96%).

[0589] Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofN-(1-Boc-azetidine-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 49 (241 mg, 0.757mmol) in 2 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 20 minute. After removal of thesolvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 2 hrs. The crudeproduct 6 was used in the next step without purification.

[0590] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in DMF (3mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (303 mg, 3 eq.) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 481 mg, 3 eq.)was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography.N-(1-phenethylazetidine-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 50 (124 mg,51%). LRMS 322.

EXAMPLE 40 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenamide 52

[0591]

[0592] To a solution of N-(1-Boc-Azetidine-3-ylmethyl)-aniline 48 (108.7mg, 0.393 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (130 mg) in 2 mLof dry CH₂Cl₂ was added cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (98%, 40 μL, 1.1eq.) at room temperature. After being shaken at room temperatureovernight, the reaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH₂cartridge and washed with CH₂Cl_(2.) Removal of CH₂Cl₂ affordedcyclopropanecarboxylic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenamide51 (120 mg, 92%).

[0593] Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofcyclopropane-carboxylic acid N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenamide51 (87.5 mg, 0.265 mmol) in 2 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minute. Afterremoval of the solvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 2 hrs.The crude product was used in the next step without purification.

[0594] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in DMF (3mL) and phenylacetaldehyde (106 mg, 3 eq.) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 168 mg, 3 eq.)was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of aqueouspotassium carbonate (sat.), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography to afford cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenamide 52 (46 mg, 50%). LRMS344.

EXAMPLE 41 N-(1-Boc-morpholin-2-yl-methyl)aniline 55

[0595]

[0596] To a solution of N-Boc-2-carboxymorpholine 53 (20 g, 86.95 mmol),aniline (8.71 ml, 95.58 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 ml) at 0° C. was added DCC(21.19 g, 102.69 mmol) in several portions. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 3 hrs. The white precipitate was removed byfiltration. The filtrate was washed with 5% HCl, sat. NaHCO₃ and thendried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. The residue was dried byazotropic evaporation with benzene to give 54 as a white solid. LRMScalculated for C₁₆H₂₂N₂O₄ 306, found 306.

[0597] To a solution of N-Boc-morpholine-2-carboxylic acid phenylamide54 from the previous experiment in THF (100 ml) at 0° C. was addedBH₃-THF solution (1.0 M, 180 ml) through an addition funnel. Afteraddition, the mixture was refluxed for 7 hrs. The reaction was quenchedby slow addition of aq. NaHCO₃. THF was removed by evaporation. Theresidue was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 ml). The combined organicsolution was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. The residuecrystallized upon standing at room temperature to give 55 as a whitesolid (17.15 g). More solid (about 2 g) was obtained from the motherliquid (76%).

EXAMPLE 42 N-(2′-phenylethylmorpholin-2-yl-methyl)-N-phenylpropionamide57

[0598]

[0599] To a solution of N-(1-Boc-morpholin-2-yl-methyl)-aniline 55 (7.49g, 25.65 mmol), pyridine (3.1 ml, 38.48 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) at 0° C.was added propionyl chloride (2.45 ml, 28.20 mmol). After stirring for30 min, the mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃, dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered and evaporated to give a colorless oil, which crystallized uponstanding at room temperature to give a white solid 56 (5.49 g, 60%).

[0600] To a solution ofN-(1-Boc-morpholin-2-yl-methyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide 56 (5.40 g, 15.50mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) at 0° C. was added TFA (10 ml). After stirringfor 2.5 hr, solvent and excess TFA was removed by evaporation. Theresidue was dissolved in 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂, neutralized with sat. NaHCO₃.Organic layer was separated, washed with sat. NaHCO₃, and dried withNa₂SO₄. After evaporation of the solvent, the light yellow oil wasdissolved in CH₃CN (10 ml), to which H₂O (10 ml), K₂CO₃ (4.80 g) and(2-bromoethyl) benzene (2.2 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at70° C. for 6 hrs. After cool down to room temperature, the organic layerwas separated. Aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 ml). Thecombined organic solution was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered andevaporated. The crude product was purified by flash silica gelchromatography (4% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give a colorless oil 57 (5.00,92%). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.5-7.20 (m, 10H), 3.90-3.55 (m, 5H),2.90-2.50 (m, 6H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.00 (m, 3H), 1.0 (m, 3H), LRMScalculated for C₂₂H₂₈N₂O₂ 352, found 352.

EXAMPLE 43 HPLC Separation of the Enantiomers of 57

[0601]

[0602] The enantiomers of 57 were separated using a preparative HPLCprocedure. The conditions were as follows: ChiralPak AD column; 10%i-PrOH in hexane; μ=5 mL/min; and λ=254 nm. The absolute configurationof the chiral centers was not determined. The first peak (retentiontime=10.45 min) was arbitrarily assigned structure 152, and the secondpeak (retention time=11.99 min) was arbitrarily assigned structure 151.

EXAMPLE 44 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(2′-phenylethylmorpholin-2-yl-methyl)-N-phenyl amide 59

[0603]

[0604] To a solution of N-(1-Boc-morpholin-2-yl-methyl)-aniline 55 (91.5mg, 0.313 mmol), piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (116 mg) in 1 mL ofdry CH₂Cl₂ was added cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (98%, 34 μL, 1.2 eq.)at room temperature. After being shaken at room temperature 1 h, thereaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH₂ cartridge andwashed with CH₂Cl₂. Removal of CH₂Cl₂ afforded Cyclopropanecarboxylicacid N-(2′-Boc-morpholin-2-yl-methyl)-N-phenyl amide 58 (91 mg, 81%).

[0605] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofCyclopropane-carboxylic acid N-(2′-Boc-morpholin-2-yl-methyl)-N-phenylamide 58 (63.2 mg, 0.175 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C.(ice-water). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20minute. After removal of the solvents, the residue was dried undervacuum for 2 hrs. The crude product was used in the next step withoutpurification.

[0606] The crude product was dissolved in 2 ml of CH₃CN, to which K₂CO₃(75 mg) and (2-bromoethyl) benzene (47 μL, 2 eq.) was added. The mixturewas stirred at 50° C. for 4 hrs. After cool down to room temperature, 2mL of NaHCO₃ (sat.) and 10 mL of EtOAc were added. The organic layer wasseparated. Aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combinedorganic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. Thecrude product was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to give acolorless oil Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(2′-phenylethylmorpholin-2-yl-methyl)-N-phenyl amide 59 (55 mg, 86%).LRMS 364.

EXAMPLE 45 N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-(R)-ylcarboxy)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amide 64

[0607]

[0608] A solution of R-Boc-nipecotic acid (6.54 mmol, 1.50 g) and3-aminopyridine (1.1 equiv, 7.20 mmol, 677 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. wastreated with DCC (2.0 equiv, 13.08 mmol, 2.70 g) under Ar. The reactionmixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. and stirred for 12 h. The reactionmixture was then filtered to remove the urea and the solvents wereremoved in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 2.5 cm×30.5 cm, 3:1hexane-EtOAc) gave 64 (1.26 g, 2.00 g theoretical, 63%) as a whitesolid: R_(f)0.33 (SiO₂, 3:1 hexane-EtOAc), LRMS m/z 305 (M⁺, C₁₆H₂₃N₃O₃,requires 305).

EXAMPLE 46N-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-R-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropionamide66

[0609]

[0610] A solution of 64 (0.33 mmol, 100 mg) in THF at 0° C. was treatedwith 1M LAH in THF (2.0 equiv, 0.655 mmol, 655 μL) under Ar. Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. and stirred for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched with 10% aqueousHCl. The pH was then adjusted to 10 with 10% aqueous NaOH and thereaction mixture was extracted with 3×EtOAc (25 mL). The organics weredried with NaCl_((sat)) and MgSO_(4 (s)). The resulting amine wascarried directly to the next step.

[0611] The above solution in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. was treated withcyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (1.1 equiv, 0.36 mmol, 33 μL) anddiisopropylethylamine (2.0 equiv, 0.652 mmol, 114 μL) under Ar. Thereaction mixture warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 12 h. After thereaction mixture was quenched with 10% aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extractedwith 3×EtOAc (25 mL). Chromatography (SiO₂, 1.3 cm×30.5 cm, 3:1EtOAc-Hexane) provided 65 (53 mg, 117 mg theoretical, 45%) as a goldenoil: R_(f) 0.32 (SiO₂, 3:1 EtOAc -Hexane); LRMS m/z 359 (M⁺,C₂₀OH₂₉N₃O₃, requires 359).

[0612] Compound 65 (0.15 mmol, 33 mg) was treated with 20% TFA-CH₂Cl₂under Ar. The reaction mixture stirred for 1 h. The solvents wereremoved in vacuo and the resulting oil was dried for 3 h under vaccum.The resulting crude amine salt was used directly without purification.

[0613] The above compound and phenylacetaldehyde (2.0 equiv, 0.29 mmol,34 μL) were dissolved in DMF (500 μL) under Ar. After stirring for 1 hat 25 ° C., the reaction mixture was treated with Na(OAc)₃BH (2.0 equiv,62 mg, 0.29 mmol) and stirred for 12 h at 25° C. The reaction mixturewas quenched with 10% aqueous NaHCO₃. and then extracted with 3×EtOAc(25 mL). Chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 9:1 EtOAc-CH₃OH)provided 66 (19 mg, 53 mg theoretical, 36%) as a golden oil: R_(f) 0.26(SiO₂, 3:1 EtOAc-Hexane),; LRMS m/z 363 (M⁺, C₂₃H₂₉N₃O, requires 363).

EXAMPLE 47N-(1-tert-Butyloxy-piperidin-3-S-ylcarboxy)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)amide 67

[0614]

[0615] A solution of S-Boc-nipecotic acid (6.54 mmol, 1.50 g) and3-aminopyridine (1.1 equiv, 7.20 mmol, 677 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) at 0°C. was treated with DCC (2.0 equiv, 13.08 mmol, 2.70 g) under Ar. Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. and stirred for 12 h. Thereaction mixture was then filtered to remove the urea and the solventswere removed in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 2.5 cm×30.5 cm, 3:1hexane-EtOAc) gave 67 (1.08 g, 2.00 g theoretical, 54%) as a whitesolid: R_(f)0.33 (SiO₂, 3:1 hexane-EtOAc), LRMS m/z 305 (M⁺, C₁₆H₂₃N₃O₃,requires 305).

EXAMPLE 48N-(1-Phenethyl-piperidin-3-S-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropionamide69

[0616]

[0617] A solution of 67 (3.37 mmol, 1.03 g) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C. wastreated with 1M LAH in THF (2.0 equiv, 6.74 mmol, 6.74 mL) under Ar. Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. and stirred for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched with 10% aqueousHCl. The pH was then adjusted to 10 with 10% aqueous NaOH and thereaction mixture was extracted with 3×EtOAc (25 mL). The organics weredried with NaCl_((sat)) and MgSO₄. The resulting amine was carrieddirectly to the next step.

[0618] The above solution in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. was treated withcyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (1.5 equiv, 3.66 mmol, 332 μL) anddiisopropylethylamine (1.1 equiv, 2.68 mmol, 467 μL) under Ar. Thereaction mixture warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 12 h. After thereaction mixture was quenched with 10% aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extractedwith 3×EtOAc (25 mL). Chromatography (SiO₂, 1.3 cm×30.5 cm, 3:1EtOAc-Hexane) provided 68 (263 mg, 877 mg theoretical, 30%) as a goldenoil: R_(f)0.32 (SiO₂, 3:1 EtOAc-Hexane); LRMS m/z 359 (M⁺, C₂₀H₂₉N₃O₃,requires 359).

[0619] Compound 68 (3.37 mmol, 1.21 g) was treated with 20% TFA-CH₂Cl₂under Ar. The reaction mixture stirred for 1 h. The solvents wereremoved in vacuo and the resulting oil was dried for 3 h under vacuum.The resulting crude amine salt was used directly without purification.

[0620] The above compound and phenylacetaldehyde (2.0 equiv, 6.74 mmol,790 μL) were dissolved in DMF (10 mL) under Ar. After stirring for 1 hat 25 ° C., the reaction mixture was treated with Na(OAc)₃BH (2.0 equiv,1.43 g, 6.74 mmol) and stirred for 12 h at 25° C. The reaction mixturewas quenched with 10% aqueous NaHCO₃.and then extracted with 3×EtOAc (25mL). Chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 9:1 EtOAc-CH₃OH)provided 69 (0.200 g, 1.22 g theoretical, 16%) as a golden oil: R_(f)0.26 EtOAc-Hexane); LRMS m/z 363 (M⁺, C₂₃H₂₉N₃O, requires 363).

EXAMPLE 49 (R)-Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenamide 71

[0621]

[0622] Following a procedure similar to that described in Example 48,compound 28 gave (R)-Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenamide 71. LRMS 362.

EXAMPLE 50 (S)-Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenamide 73

[0623]

[0624] Following a procedure similar to that described in Example 48,compound 31 gave (S)-Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenamide 73. LRMS 362.

EXAMPLE 51 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)amide 76

[0625]

[0626] Following the procedures described in Examples 3-5, compound 3gave Cyclopropanecarboxylic acidN-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)amide 76. LRMS 359.

EXAMPLE 52 N-Benzylpropanolamine 77

[0627]

[0628] 3-Amino-1-propanol (60.5 mL, 792 mmol) was added to a solution ofbenzaldehyde (76.6 mL, 754 mmol) in MeOH (1.51 L, 0.5 M), and thesolution was stirred and heated to 75° C. After 25 minutes, the reactionwas cooled to room temperature, and then to 0° C. in an ice bath. SolidNaBH₄ (28.52 g, 754 mmol) was added over 20 minutes, and the reactionwas allowed to warm to room temperature, with stirring, overnight. Waterwas added, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and EtOAc was added. Theorganic layer was removed and treated with 5% aqueous HCl. The newaqueous layer was removed, EtOAc was added, and 10% aqueous NaOH wasadded dropwise to basify the solution. The aqueous layer was extractedwith EtOAc (2×), and the combined organics were dried with Na₂SO₄, andconcentrated in vacuo to obtain pure N-benzylpropanolamine (77). Crudeproduct 77 was used without purification in the next step. ¹H NMR(CD₃OD) 7.4-7.2 (5H, m), 4.95 (2H, broad s), 3.75 (2H, broad s), 3.64(2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 2.70 (2H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.77 (2H, q, J=6.7 Hz). ¹³CNMR (CD₃OD) 140.79, 129.61, 128.28, 61.78, 54.68, 47.56, 33.10 ppm.LRMS: 165.91.

EXAMPLE 53 4-Benzyl-2-chloromethyl-1,4-oxazepane 79

[0629]

[0630] N-benzylpropanolamine (77) (5.00 g, 30.3 mmol) was dissolved inepichlorohydrin (23.7 mL, 303 mmol) and heated to 40° C. When thereaction was judged complete by TLC (3 h), the epichlorohydrin wasremoved under high vacuum overnight. (Intermediate 78: LRMS: 257.58.)H₂SO₄ (9.2 mL, 3.3M) was added, with stirring at room temperature, andthe reaction was heated to 150° C. in a preheated oil bath until thereaction was judged complete by TLC (0.5 h). The reaction was removedfrom heat and cooled by the addition of ice. CH₂Cl₂ was added, and theorganic layer was removed and discarded. EtOAc was added to the acidicaqueous layer, and 10% KOH was added dropwise until the aqueous layerwas basic. The organic layer was removed; the aqueous layer wasextracted with EtOAc (2×), and the combined organics were dried oversodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to obtain4-benzyl-2-chloromethyl-1,4-oxazepane (79), which was used withoutpurification in the next step. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) 7.4-7.2 (5H, m), 3.93-3.75(3H, m), 3.67 (2H, broad d, J=1.3 Hz), 3.44 (2 H, dd, J=5.9, 4.3 Hz),2.95 (1H, ddd, J=13.7, 2.5, 1.2 Hz), 2.79 (1H, dddd, J=12.6, 6.8, 4.1,1.2 Hz), 2.64-2.52 (2H, m), 2.0-1.65 (2H, m) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD)139.89, 130.33, 129.46, 128.39, 79.26, 68.31, 63.64, 59.59, 55.30,46.57, 31.35 ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) 139.10, 128.82, 128.32, 127.11, 78.27,67.43, 62.79, 58.55, 54.26, 45.80, 30.55 ppm. LRMS: 239.54.

EXAMPLE 54 (4-Benzyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl amine 80

[0631]

[0632] Aniline (2.59 mL, 28.4 mmol) and NaI (4.06 g, 27.1 mmol) wereadded to a solution of 4-benzyl-2-chloromethyl-1,4-oxazepane (79) (6.49g, 27.1 mmol) in n-butanol (68 mL, 0.4 M), and the reaction was heatedto 110° C. until the reaction was judged complete by TLC (4 h). Thereaction was cooled to room temperature, and water and CH₂Cl₂ wereadded. The organic layer was removed, and the aqueous layer wasextracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic extracts were driedover sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to achieve(4-benzyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl amine 80, which was usedwithout purification in the next reaction. ¹H NMR (partial, CDCl₃)4.08-3.86 (3H, m), 3.80 (1H, d, J=13.3 Hz), 3.73 (1H, d, J=13.3 Hz),3.22-3.05 (2H, m), 2.95-2.70 (3H, m), 2.64 (1H, dd, J=13.6, 7.6 Hz),2.1-1.9 (2H, m) ppm. ¹³NMR (CDCl₃) 148.33, 139.38, 129.28, 129.11,128.46, 127.23, 117.44, 113.13, 76.70, 67.49, 62.92, 59.35, 54.76,46.93,30.75 ppm. LRMS: 296.68.

EXAMPLE 55 4-Benzyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylropionamide 81

[0633]

[0634] iPr₂EtN (4.72 mL, 27.1 mmol) was added to a solution of(4-benzyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl) phenyl amine (80) (27.1 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂. The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath, then propionylchloride (5.17 mL, 59.6 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction wasallowed to warm slowly to room temperature, with stirring, overnight.CH₂Cl₂ and 10% aqueous NaOH was added. The organic layer was removed andthe aqueous layer extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The organic extracts weredried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Theresulting oily residue was purified by silica gel chromatography(97:1:2:: Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH) to obtain4-benzyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (81) as a paleyellow oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) 7.36-7.19 (8H, m), 6.94 (2H, broad d,J=6.5 Hz), 3.89-3.38 (5H, m), 3.65 (1H, d, J=13.3 Hz), 3.54 (1H, d,J=13.3 Hz), 2.88-2.75 (2H, m), 2.55 (1H, ddd, J=12.5, 8.9, 4.2 Hz), 2.34(1H, dd, J=13.5, 8.9 Hz), 1.98-1.68 (4H, m), 0.98 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz). ¹³CNMR (CDCl₃) 174.05, 143.19, 139.64, 129.60, 129.15, 128.46, 128.35,127.79, 127.10, 76.80, 67.25, 62.61, 59.05, 54.43, 51.64, 30.42, 27.91,9.70 ppm. LRMS: 352.72.

EXAMPLE 56 (4-Phenethyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 82

[0635]

[0636] Phenylacetaldehyde (0.17 mL, 1.42 mmol) was added to4-benzyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (81) (0.115 g,0.326 mmol) dissolved in MeOH (9.5 mL). 10% Pd/C (0.101 g) was added,and the mixture was shaken under 40 psi H₂ until the consumption of H₂ceased and the reaction was judged complete by TLC (4.25 h). The crudereaction mixture was passed through a column of Celite, concentrated invacuo, and purified by flash column chromatography (50:48:2::Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH) to obtain pure(4-phenethyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (82). ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) 7.50-7.10 (10 H, m), 3.95-3.77 (2H, m), 3.79-3.59 (3H, m),2.97-2.86 (2H, m), 2.78 (4H, s), 2.68 (1H, ddd, J=12.9, 9.0, 4.0 Hz),2.51 (1H, dd, J=13.5, 9.1 Hz), 2.08 (2H, q, J=7.5 Hz), 1.98-1.76 (2H,m), 1.07 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) 174.17, 143.32, 140.46,129.64, 128.83, 128.55, 128.45, 127.85, 126.07, 76.28, 67.12, 60.10,59.63, 53.93, 51.81, 34.23, 30.29, 28.02, 9.78 ppm. LRMS: 366.98.

EXAMPLE 57 (R)— &(S)-(4-Phenethyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 83 & 84

[0637]

[0638] The enantiomers of(4-phenethyl-1,4-oxazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (82) wereseparated on a chiral column (Chiralpak AD Column number AD00CG-1F001)with (9:1) Hexanes: iPrOH (λ=235 nm; flow rate=5 mL/min). Using ananalytical Chiralpak column with 90:10 hexanes:isopropanol (λ=220 nm;flow rate=1 mL/min), the first compound to elute from the column (9.175min) was randomly assigned 83 (R), and the second compound to elute fromthe column (13.909 min) was assigned 84 (S). The absolute configurationsof 83 and 84 were not established.

EXAMPLE 58 4-Benzyl-1,4-ozazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylcyclopropanamide 85

[0639]

[0640] Pyridine (3.64 mL, 45.0 mmol) was added to a solution of crudeamine 80 (30.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂. The solution was cooled to 0° C. in anice bath, then cyclopropyl carbonyl chloride (2.99 mL, 33.0 mmol) wasadded dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm slowly to roomtemperature and stirred until the reaction was judged complete by TLC(3.25 h). CH₂Cl₂ and saturated NaHCO₃ were added. The organic layer wasremoved and the aqueous layer extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The organicextracts were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated invacuo. The resulting oily residue was purified by alumina gelchromatography (96:2:2:: Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂ :2N NH₃ in EtOH) to obtain4-benzyl-1,4-ozazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylcyclopropanamide (85) as apale yellow oil. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) 7.46-7.24 (8H, m), 7.13 (2H, broad d,J=7.2 Hz), 3.90 -3.42 (5H, m), 2.92-2.76 (2H, m), 2.62-2.51 (1H, m),2.30 (1H, dd, 13.7, 8.5H 1.40-1.20 (2H, m), 0.96-0.82 (3H, m), 0.61 (2H,dd, J=7.9, 2.8 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD) 175.84, 144.04, 140.20, 130.82,130.54, 129.55, 129.08, 128.43, 77.04, 68.00, 63.63, 59.72, 55.83,52.94, 31.28, 13.76, 9.34,9.07 ppm. LRMS: 364.57.

EXAMPLE 59 4-Phenethyl-1,4-ozazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylcyclopropanamide87

[0641]

[0642] Phenylacetaldehyde (0.091 mL, 0.780 mmol) was added toN-benzylamine 86 (0.055 g, 0.156 mmol) dissolved in MeOH (5.2 mL,0.03M). 10% Pd/C (0.0557 g) was added, and the mixture was shaken under40 psi H₂ until the consumption of H₂ ceased and the reaction was judgedcomplete by TLC. The crude reaction mixture was passed through a columnof Celite, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash columnchromatography (50:48:2:: Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH) to obtain pure4-phenethyl-1,4-ozazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylcyclopropanamide (87). ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) 7.47 (2H, m), 7.37-7.26 (5H, m), 7.24-7.17 (3H, m),3.94-3.80 (3H, m), 3.69 (1H, broad dd, J=13.3, 7.8 Hz), 3.62 (1H, ddd,J=11.7, 6.2, 5.3 Hz), 2.96-2.86 (2H, m), 2.77 (4H, s), 2.67 (1H, ddd,J=12.8, 8.9, 4.1 Hz), 2.50 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 6.7 Hz) 2.0-1.74 (2H, m),1.42-1.28 (1H, m), 1.04 (2H, dtd, J=7.8, 3.4, 1.1 Hz), 0.67-0.60 (2H, m)ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) 173.79, 143.39, 140.46, 129.52, 128.82, 128.61,128.44, 127.53, 126.05, 76.41, 67.15, 60.06, 59.53, 53.90, 52.09, 34.21,30.28, 12.92, 8.71, 8.50 ppm. LRMS: 378.80.

EXAMPLE 60 (R)— &(S)-4-phenethyl-1,4-ozazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylcyclopropanamide 88 &89

[0643]

[0644] The enantiomers of4-phenethyl-1,4-ozazepan-2-ylmethyl)-N-phenylcyclopropanamide (87) wereseparated on a chiral column (Chiralpak AD Column number AD00CG-1F001)with (9:1) Hexanes:iPrOH (λ=235 nm; flow rate=5 mL/min). Using ananalytical Chiralpak column with 90:10 hexanes:isopropanol (λ=220 nm;flow rate=1 mL/min), the first compound to elute from the column (9.017min) was randomly assigned 88 (R), and the second compound to elute fromthe column (14.275 min) was assigned 89 (S). The the absoluteconfigurations of 88 and 89 have not been established.

EXAMPLE 61 1,4-Dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane-6-carboxylic acid methylester 91

[0645]

[0646] PTSA (24.7, 130 mmol) and ethylene glycol (24.8 mL, 439 mmol)were added to methyl-4-oxo-3-piperidine carboxylate hydrochloride (90)(25.1 g, 130 mmol) in benzene (52 mL, 2.5 M). The solution was stirredand heated to reflux overnight. H₂O was removed using a Dean Stark trap.When the reaction was judged complete by TLC, 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ andCH₂Cl₂ were added, and the organic layer was removed. The aqueous layerwas extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (5×), and the combined organics were driedover sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo, and purified bysilica gel chromatography with 20:1 CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH to provide 91(16.7 g, 64%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 3.82-3.70 (4H, m), 3.48 (3H, s), 3.00-2.50(4H, m), 2.43 (1H, t), 1.76 (1H, m), 1.30 (1H, m) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃):171.83, 106.57, 64.34, 64.17, 51.36, 48.91, 46.54, 43.69, 33.97 ppm.

EXAMPLE 628-Benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5decane-6-carboxylic acidmethyl ester 92

[0647]

[0648] Triethylamine (29.0 mL, 208 mmol) was added to a solution of1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester (91)(16.6, 82.5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (159 mL, 0.5 M). The solution was cooled to0° C. in an ice bath, then benzoylchloroformate (12.8 mL, 89.9 mmol) wasadded dropwise, with stirring, over 40 minutes. When the reaction wasjudged complete by TLC (0.75 h), the solution was concentrated in vacuoand purified by silica gel chromatography (10:3 Hexanes:EtOAc) toprovide pure8-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane-6-carboxylic acidmethyl ester (92) (23.43 g, 85%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.41-7.25 (5H, m),5.10 (2H, broad s), 4.02-3.50 (11 H, m), 2.80-2.62 (1H, broad s),2.20-2.00 (1H, broad s), 1.70-1.50 (1H, broad s) ppm. ¹³ C NMR (CDCl₃):170.26, 154.88, 136.47, 128.32, 127.86, 127.74, 106.78, 67.09, 64.90,64.59, 51.71, 48.63, 43.94, 41.76, 33.15 ppm.

EXAMPLE 638-Benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylic acid93

[0649]

[0650] 8-Benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylicacid (92) (15.04 g, 44.8 mmol) was dissolved in 70% aqueous MeOH (136mL, 0.33M). KOH (3.76 g, 89.7 mmol) was added, and the solution wasstirred at room temperature until judged complete by TLC (6.75 h). Thereaction was concentrated in vacuo, the CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O were added. Theorganic layer was removed and discarded. The aqueous layer was carefullyacidified to pH=6 with saturated NH₄Cl. The organic layer was removedand concentrated in vacuo. The crude product 93 was used in the nextreaction without further purification (13.3 g, 93% yield). ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) 9.8-9.2 (1H, broad s), 7.45-7.22 (5H, broad s), 5.18-5.10 (2H,broad s), 4.10-3.94 (4H, m), 3.92-3.78 (2H, m), 3.70-3.54 (2H, m),2.82-2.70 (1H, broad s), 2.14-2.00 (1H, m), 1.70-1.54 (1H, m) ppm. ¹³CNMR (CDCl₃) 174.35, 155.36, 136.58, 128.63, 128.17, 128.02, 107.14,67.59, 65.17, 64.87,48.75,43.93, 41.96, 33.58 ppm. LRMS: 321.3.

EXAMPLE 648-Benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylic acidanilide 94

[0651]

[0652] 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride(EDCI, 2.13 g, 11.1 mmol) and aniline (1.29 mL, 14.2 mmol) were added toa stirring solution of acid 93 in CH₂Cl₂ (66.7 mL, 0.14M). The solutionwas stirred until judged complete by TLC (3 h). CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O wereadded. The organic was removed, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified with 1:1 Hexanes:EtOAc to obtain pure8-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane-6-carboxylic acidanilide (94) (2.26 g, 61% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.20-8.00 (1H, broads), 7.50 (2H, broad dd, J=8.7, 1.1 Hz), 7.39-7.26 (7H, m), 7.09 (1H, tt,J 7.4, 1.0 Hz), 5.17 (1H, d, J=12.5Hz), 5.11 (1H, d, 12.5 Hz), 4.35.(1H,d, J=12.9 Hz), 4.16-3.94 (4H, m), 3.51 (1H, dd, J=13.7, 11.1 Hz), 3.15(1H, t, J=11.8 Hz), 2.75 (1H, dd, J=10.9, 4.5 Hz), 1.90-1.57 (3H, m)ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): 167.20, 155.24, 138.02, 136.69, 129.23, 128.69,128.25, 128.16, 124.36, 119.63, 108.22, 67.56, 65.26, 64.91, 50.24,43.73, 41.87, 34.80 ppm. LRMS: 396.7.

EXAMPLE 658-Benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5-decane-6-ylmethylphenylamine95

[0653]

[0654] Borane-THF (5.04 mL, 5.04 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirring0° C. solution of amide 94 (1.03 g, 2.52 mmol) in THF (2.9 mL, 0.86 M).The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature, and was thenheated to reflux until the reaction was judged complete by TLC (2.5 h).The reaction was cooled to room temperature, cooled in an ice bath, andquenched with 5% HCl. CH₂Cl₂ was added, and 10% aqueous NaOH was addeddropwise until the aqueous layer was basic. The organic layer wasremoved, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). Theorganics were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and purified by silicagel chromatography (8:1:1:: Hexanes:EtOAc:CH₂Cl₂) to obtain8-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane-6-ylmethylphenylamine(95) (0.72 g, 73%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.36 (5H, broad s), 7.16 (2H, t,J=7.1 Hz), 6.72-6.44 (3H, m), 5.22-5.00 (2H, broad s), 4.05 -3.95 (4H,m), 3.72 (1H, dd, J=13.6, 3.9 Hz), 3.66-3.30 (4H, m), 2.97 (1H, dd,J=13.3, 8.2 Hz), 2.20-1.98 (1H, broad s), 1.84-1.64 (1H, broad s),1.64-1.48 (1H, broad s) ppm. ¹³C NMR (partial, CDCl₃): 155, 148.15, 138,129.41, 128.75, 128.3, 128.16, 117.28, 112.83, 108.64, 67.50, 65.04,64.70,44.92,42.53, 42.19, 41.21, 33.16 ppm. LRMS: 382.88.

EXAMPLE 66(8-Benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5decane-6-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide96

[0655]

[0656] iPr₂EtN (0.78 mL, 4.48 mmol) was added to a solution of amine 95(0.71 g, 1.86 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4.6 mL, 0.4M). The solution was cooled to0° C., then propionyl chloride (0.19 mL, 2.23 mmol) was added dropwisewith stirring. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to roomtemperature. When the reaction was judged complete by TLC (4.25 h),CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O were added. The organic layer was separated and washedwith 5% aqueous HCl, then saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and with brine. Theorganic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, then were purified by silicagel chromatography (6:2:2:: Hexanes:EtOAc:CH₂Cl₂) to obtain(8-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane-6-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide(96) (0.71 g, 87%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.60-7.08 (8H, m), 7.05-6.88 (2H,broad s), 5.20 (1H, d, J=13 Hz), 5.05 (1H, d, J=13 Hz), 4.30-3.80 (8H,m), 3.60-3.30 (1H, m), 3.20-2.90 (2H, m), 2.20-1.40 (4H, m), 1.18-0.90(3H, t) ppm. LRMS: 438.84.

EXAMPLE 67(8-Phenethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5decane-6-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide97

[0657]

[0658] Phenylacetaldehyde (0.87 mL, 7.40 mmol) was added to a solutionof(8-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane-6-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide(96) in MeOH (49.4 mL, 0.03M) in a hydrogenation flask. 20% Pd/C (0.53g) was added, and the mixture was shaken under 40 psi H₂ until theconsumption of H₂ ceased and the reaction was judged complete by TLC(3.5 h). The crude reaction mixture was passed through a column ofCelite, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash columnchromatography (60:38:2:: Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH) to obtain pure(8-phenethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane-6-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide(97) (0.59 g, 92%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.42-7.12 (10H, m), 4.08 (1H, dd,J=13.4, 9.5 Hz), 3.96-3.77 (4H, m), 3.65 (1H, broad d, J=10.9 Hz),2.92-2.80 (1H, m), 2.80-2.64 (3H, m), 2.64-2.51 (2H, m), 2.33 (2H, broadt, J=10.3 Hz) 2.20-1.94 (3H, m), 1.72 (1H, dt, J=13.3, 13.2, 3.7 Hz),1.58 (1H, ddd, J=13.1, 10.9, 4.3 Hz), 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz) ppm. LRMS:408.86.

EXAMPLE 68 1-t-Butoxycarbonylpiperidine-3-ylmethylcarboxylic acidanilide 99

[0659]

[0660] EDCI (4.23 g, 2.20 mmol) and aniline (2.56 mL, 28.1 mmol) wereadded to a stirring solution of N—BOC-3-piperidine acetic acid (98) (4.5g, 18.5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (132 mL, 0.14 M). The solution was stirred atroom temperature overnight. The reaction was judged complete by TLC.CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O were added. The organic layer was removed and the aqueouslayer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organics were dried overSodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gelpurification (90:5:5:: Hexanes:EtOAc:CH₂Cl₂) provided pure1-t-Butoxycarbonylpiperidine-3-ylmethylcarboxylic acid anilide (99)(4.10 g, 70%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 9.03 (1H, broad s), 7.62 (2H, broad s),7.32 (2H, t, J=8.0 Hz), 7.01 (1H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.92-3.3.80 (1H, m),3.70-3.15 (3H, m), 3.0-2.8 (1H, m), 2.50-2.35 (1H, m), 2.25-2.10 (2H,m), 1.95-1.80 (1H, m), 1.70-1.40 (2H, m), 1.44 (9H, s) ppm. ¹³C NMR(partial, CDCl₃): 129.02, 124.12, 119.95, 40.77, 33.23, 31.06, 28.59ppm.

EXAMPLE 69 1-t-Butoxycarbonylpiperidine-3-ylethylphenylamine 100

[0661]

[0662] 1M Borane-THF (6.28 mL, 6.26 mmol) was added dropwise to astirring, 0° C. solution of1-t-Butoxycarbonylpiperidine-3-ylmethylcarboxylic acid anilide (99) (1g, 3.14 mmol) in THF (3.7 mL). The ice bath was removed, and thereaction was heated to reflux until the reaction was judged complete byTLC (2.5 h). The reaction was cooled to room temperature and quenchedwith the addition of 5% aqueous HCl. The reaction was diluted withCH₂Cl₂ and 10% aqueous NaOH was added dropwise until the aqueous layerwas basic. The organic layer was removed, and the aqueous layer wasextracted (2×) with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organics were dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flashcolumn chromatography (90:5:5:: Hexanes:EtOAc:CH₂Cl₂) to obtain pure1-t-Butoxycarbonylpiperidine-3-ylethylphenylamine (100) (0.90 g, 94%).¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.24-7.15 (2H, m), 6.72 (1H, broad t, J=7.3 Hz),7.66-6.59 (2H, m), 4.0 (1H, broad s), 3.93 (2H, dt, J=13.1, 4.0 Hz),3.78-3.56 (1H, m), 3.18 (2H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 2.85 (1H, broad t, J=10.8Hz), 2.58 (1H, broad s), 1.94-1.82 (1H, m), 1.74-1.38 (4H, m), 1.45 (9H,s), 1.24-1.08 (1H, m). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): 154.92, 148.36, 129.27, 117.21,112.71, 79.37, 53.54, 49.27, 41.44, 33.82, 33.36, 30.99, 28.53, 24.87ppm.

EXAMPLE 70 (1-t-Butoxycarbonylpiperidine-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide101

[0663]

[0664] ipr₂EtN (0.60 mL, 3.47 mmol) was added to a 0° C. solution of 100(0.88 g, 2.89 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (7.22 mL, 0.4M). Propionyl chloride (0.30mL, 3.47 mmol) was added dropwise, and the solution was allowed to warmto room temperature. When the reaction was judged complete by TLC (5h),the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂. H₂O was added, and the organiclayer was separated. The organic layer was washed with 5% aqueous HCl,then saturated NaHCO₃, then brine. The crude product was dried oversodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo, and purified bysilica gel chromatography (8:1:1:: Hexanes:EtOAc:CH₂Cl₂) to obtain pure(1-t-Butoxycarbonylpiperidine-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (101)(0.81 g, 78%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.46-7.29 (3H, m), 7.14 (2H, J=7.6 Hz),3.90-3.60 (4H, m), 2.74H, broad t, J=11.0 Hz), 2.47 (1H, broad s), 2.01(2H, q, J=7.3 Hz), 1.84 (1H, broad d, J=11.8 Hz), 1.64-1.54 (1H, m),1.52-1.34 (4H, m), 1.42 (9H, s), 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃): 173.62, 154.92, 142.73, 129.82, 128.37, 127.98, 79.33, 53.56,47.19,44.37, 33.84, 31.47, 30.73, 28.54, 27.94,24.80, 9.72 ppm. LRMS:360.44.

EXAMPLE 71 (1-Phenethylpiperidine-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 102

[0665]

[0666] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.38 mL, 4.99 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.38 mL) wasadded dropwise to a 0° C. stirring solution of 101 in CH₂Cl₂ (0.40 mL).When the reaction was judged complete by TLC, the solvent and excesstrifluoroacetic acid were removed in vacuo. The crude residue wasdissolved in DMF (1.54 mL, 0.18M), then phenylacetaldehyde (0.10 mL,0.832 mmol), acetic acid (0.078 mL), and Na(OAc)₃BH (0.118 g, 0.555mmol) were added sequentially. When the reaction was judged complete byTLC, saturated aqueous K₂CO₃ was added. The organic layer was removed,and 5% aqueous HCl was added. The organic layer was discarded, and theaqueous layer was basified with saturated aqueous NH₄OH. The organiclayer was removed, dried with Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo.Purification by silica gel chromatography (98:2:: CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH)provided (1-phenethylpiperidine-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (102).¹³C NMR: 173.64, 142.77, 140.45, 129.82, 128.84, 128.50, 128.45, 127.95,126.13, 61.08, 60.03, 54.27, 47.06, 33.89, 33.46, 32.57, 30.86, 28.00,25.31, 9.74 ppm.

EXAMPLE 72 (1-Benzylpiperidine-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 103

[0667]

[0668] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.38 mL, 4.99 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.38 mL) wasadded dropwise to a 0° C. stirring solution of 101 (0.115 g, 0.318 mmol)in CH₂Cl₂ (0.40 mL). When the reaction was judged complete by TLC, thesolvent and excess trifluoroacetic acid were removed in vacuo. The cruderesidue was dissolved in DMF (1.54 mL, 0.18M), then phenylacetaldehyde(0.10 mL, 0.832 mmol), acetic acid (0.078 mL), and Na(OAc)₃BH (0.118 g,0.555 mmol) were added sequentially. When the reaction was judgedcomplete by TLC, saturated aqueous K₂CO₃ was added. The organic layerwas removed, and 5% aqueous HCl was added. The organic layer wasdiscarded, and the aqueous layer was basified with saturated aqueousNH₄OH. The organic layer was removed, dried with Na₂SO₄, andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification by silica gel chromatography (99:1::CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH) provided(1-benzylpiperidine-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (103). ¹H NMR(CDCl₃): 7.46-7.24 (8H, m), 7.15 (2H, broad d, J=7.8 Hz), 3.72 (2H,J=7.8 Hz), 3.52 (1H, J=13.2 Hz), 3.45 (1H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 2.79 (2H,broad d, J=8.2 Hz), 2.03 (2H, q, J=7.3 Hz), 1.91 (1H, td, J=11.0, 3.3Hz), 1.84-1.30 (7H, m), 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 0.98-0.84 (1H, m) ppm.¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): 173.65, 142.93, 138.4, 129.83, 129.35, 128.52, 128.31,127.95, 127.07 63.68, 60.21, 54.22, 47.34, 34.14, 32.51, 30.84, 28.04,25.34, 9.78 ppm. LRMS: 350.95.

EXAMPLE 73 5-Benzyl-1-oxa-5-azaspiro[2.5octane 110

[0669]

[0670] Trimethylsulfonium iodide (2.13 g, 10.4 mmol) in DMSO (15 mL) wasadded to NaH (0.4907 g, 20.4 mmol) in DMSO (70 mL).1-benzyl-3-piperidone hydrochloride hydrate (109) (0.996 g, 4.41 mmol)was taken up in DMSO (15 mL) and was added to the reaction mixture atroom temperature. When the reaction was judged complete by TLC (0.5 h),the reaction was poured over ice and the product was extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The organics were washed with H₂O, dried over sodium sulfate,filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification with alumina gelchromatography (900:100:3 CH₂Cl₂:Hexanes:2 N NH₃ in EtOH) provided pure5-benzyl-1-oxa-5-azaspiro[2,5]octane (110). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): 137.54,128.69, 127.83, 126.67, 62.55, 59.28, 53.32, 52.96, 52.48, 30.90, 23.51ppm.

EXAMPLE 74 1-Benzylpiperidine-3-hydroxy-3-ylmethylphenylamine 111

[0671]

[0672] 110 (0.89 g, 4.38 mmol) was dissolved in aniline (2.0 mL, 21.9mmol) in a sealed tube apparatus, and the reaction was heated to 200° C.When the reaction was judged complete by TLC (2.5 h), H₂O and EtOAc wereadded. The aqueous layer was brought to pH=8, and the organic layer wasremoved, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.Purification by silica gel chromatography (60:38:0.2 Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂:2NNH₃ in EtOH) provide 0.132 g (10% for two steps) of1-benzylpiperidine-3-hydroxy-3-ylmethylphenylamine (111). ¹H NMR(CDCl₃):7.42-7.30 (5H, m), 7.28-7.21 (2H, m), 6.81-6.74 (1H, m),6.73-6.66 (2H, m), 4.15 (1H, broad t), 3.68 (1H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 3.57(1H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 3.45 (1H, broad s), 3.19 (2H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 2.86(2H, t, J=11.4 Hz), 2.22-2.04 (2H, m), 1.96-1.74 (2H, m), 1.72-1.60 (1H,m), 1.50-1.32 (1H, m) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): 148.94, 138.09, 129.31,129.10, 128.44, 127.31, 117.41, 113.17, 70.15, 62.85, 62.11, 53.47,51.48, 33.88, 21.76 ppm. LRMS: 297.08.

EXAMPLE 75 (1-Benzylpiperidine-3-hydroxy-3-ylethyl-N-phenylpropionamide112

[0673]

[0674] iPr₂EtN (0.078 mL, 0.45 mmol) was added to a 0° C. solution ofamine 111 (0.120 g, 0.405 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 mL, 0.4M). Propionylchloride (0.039 mL, 0.45 mmol) was added dropwise with stirring. Thereaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. When the reaction wasjudged complete by TLC (overnight), the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂and quenched with H₂O. The organic layer was removed and the organiclayer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The organics were then washed with5% aqueous HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and brine. The crude productwas dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo, andpurified by silica gel chromatography (96:4:: Hexanes:2N NH₃ in EtOH) toobtain pure(1-benzylpiperidine-3-hydroxy-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (112)(0.117 g, 82%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.44-7.05 (10 H, m), 3.99 (1H, 14.3 Hz),3.88 (1H, 14.2 Hz), 3.51 (1H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 3.42 (1H, d, J=13.2 Hz),2.28-2.30 (2H, m), 2.32-2.14 (1H, m), 2.08 (2H, q, J=7.4 Hz), 1.72-1.46(3H, m), 1.46-1.26 (2H, m), 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃):144.76, 129.59, 129.16, 128.32, 128.16, 127.71, 127.16, 72.17, 62.78,61.97, 57.66, 53.34, 34.17, 28.02, 9.76 ppm. LRMS: 352.76.

EXAMPLE 76(1-Phenethylpiperidine-3-hydroxy-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide 113

[0675]

[0676] Phenylacetaldehyde (0.17 mL, 1.42 mmol) and Pd/C (0.101 g) wereadded to a solution of 112 (0.0793 g, 0.225 mmol) in MeOH (9.45 mL) in ahydrogenation flask, and the mixture was shaken under 40 psi of H₂ untilthe consumption of H₂ ceased and the reaction was judged complete byTLC. The crude reaction mixture was passed through a column of Celite,concentrated in vacuo, and purified by silica gel chromatography(80:18:2:: Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH) to provide(1-phenethylpiperidine-3-hydroxy-3-ylethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (113).¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): 176.66, 144.74, 140.52, 129.63, 128.84, 128.47, 128.18,127.76, 126.11, 72.04, 62.27, 59.96, 58.11, 53.51, 34.16, 33.58, 28.07,22.10, 9.85 ppm.

EXAMPLE 77 Synthesis of a Combinatorial Library of Compounds of thePresent Invention (See FIG. 1)

[0677]

[0678] A library of 96 compounds was synthesized from twelve anilines,eight acid chlorides, and (2-bromoethyl)benzene. The reductive aminationand acylation reactions were carried out using solid-phase chemistry,while the alkylation of piperidine with (2-bromoethyl)benzene wasperformed in solution.

[0679] A. Preparation of Aldehyde-Functionalized Resin 115.

[0680] To the Wang resin (9.6 g, 0.70 mmol/g) in a 250-ml peptidesynthesis vessel was added 100 ml of 0.4 N CDI in anhydrous THF, andshaken at room temperature for 17 hours. The resin was thoroughly washedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 ml ) and THF (3×100 ml) to remove the excess CDI andthen treated with 100 ml of 0.4 N 3-piperidinemethanol in THF at roomtemperature for 17 hours. The resulting resin (114) was washed with DMF(3×100 ml), MeOH (4×100 ml), and CH₂Cl₂ (4×100 ml) and dried in vacuo.To the alcohol resin 114 was added 100 ml solution of sulfur trioxidepyridine complex (5.35 g, 33.6 mmol) and triethylamine (4.68 ml, 33.6mmol) in DMSO, and the resulting slurry was shaken at room temperaturefor 1 hour. The resulting aldehyde-functionalized resin 115 was washedwith DMF (3×100 ml), MeOH (4×100 ml), and CH₂Cl₂ (4×100 ml) and dried invacuo. Resin 115 was equally divided into 12 reactors, in which thealdehyde would react with 12 anilines, respectively.

[0681] B. Preparation of Resins 116.

[0682] To resin 115 (about 0.8 g, 0.56 mmol) was added aniline (5.6mmol) in 8 ml of trimethyl orthoformate (TMOF) and the mixture shaken atroom temperature for 1 hour. NaCNBH₃ (700 mg, 11.2 mmol) was added intothe mixture followed by 0.08 ml AcOH. After shaking at room temperaturefor 3 hours, resulting resin 116 was extensively washed with DMF (3×10ml), MeOH (4×10 ml), and CH₂Cl₂ (4×10 ml) and dried in vacuo. Twelveresins 116 were obtained by using twelve anilines in the reductiveamination.

[0683] C. Preparation of Compounds 118.

[0684] Twelve resins 116 were respectively distributed into 96-wellreaction block from column 1 to column 12 at 100 mg (0.07 mmol) per well(See FIG. 1). Eight acid chlorides in CH₂Cl₂ were respectively dispensedinto eight rows, from row A to row H, at 1 ml (containing 0.7 mmol acidchloride) per well; then diisopropylethylamine was dispensed into 96wells at 0.122 ml (0.7 mmol) per well. The reaction block was shaken atroom temperature for 3 hours and the resins were washed with DMF (3×1ml/well), MeOH (4×1 ml/well), and CH₂Cl₂ (4×1 ml/well) and dried invacuo. The resulting resins 117 were treated with a solution of 50% TFAin CH₂Cl₂ at 1 ml per well at room temperature for 30 min to release thepolymer-bond piperidines 118 into a 96-deep well plate. After washingthe resins with CH₂Cl₂ (2×0.5 ml/well), the volatiles were removed underhigh vacuum to afford the crude compounds.

[0685] D. Preparation of Compounds 119.

[0686] To piperidines 118 in the 96-deep well plate was addedacetonitrile at 0.6 ml per well, dissolving the compounds, and thesolutions were transferred into a 96-well reaction block.(2-Bromoethyl)benzene was then dispensed into the 96 wells at 0.010 ml(0.07 mmol) per well followed by K₂CO₃ at 50 mg per well. The mixtureswere agitated at 50° C. for 24 hours. After the reaction block coolingto room temperature, tris-(2-aminoethyl)-amine polystyrene (2.45 mmol/g)was distributed into 96 wells at 50 mg per well. The mixtures wereshaken at 50° C. for another 24 hours. The solutions were filtered intoa 96-well format SPE plate with NH₂ sorbent, washed the resins withCH₂Cl₂ (2×0.6 ml/well), collected the CH₂Cl₂ washes into the SPE plate.The compounds were eluted and collected in a 96-deep well plate. Thevolatiles were removed under high vacuum to afford 96 final compounds119, which were submitted to HPLC and mass spectra analyses.

EXAMPLE 78 Opiate Receptor Binding of Certain Compounds of the PresentInvention (IC₅₀ s)

[0687] The opioid (μ, κ, δ) receptor-binding capabilities of compoundsdescribed herein were determined according to the procedures outlined byWang et al. (FEBS Letters 1994, 338, 217), Maguire et al. (Eur. J.Pharmacol. 1992, 213, 219), and Simonin et al. (Mol. Pharmacol. 1994,46, 1015). Certain results from these assays are tabulated below. μ κ δCompound (μM) (μM) (μM)  6 <1 <1 >10 30 <1 <5 >10 32 <1 >10 >10 39 <5<10 >10 Racemic 71 <1 <1 >10 14 <1 <5 >10 16 <1 <5 >10 23 <1 <10 >10 66<5 <5 >10 69 <1 <5 >10 76 <1 <5 >10 19 <1 <10 >10 113  <10 >10 >10 10 <5<10 >10 97 <1 <5 >10 57 <1 <1 >10 59 <1 <1 >10 44 <1 <5 >10  7 <5 <5 >10103  <10 <5 >10 102  <1 <5 >10 50 <1 <5 >10 52 <1 <5 >10 82 <1 <5 >10 83<1 <5 >10 84 <1 <1 >10 87 <1 <1 <5 37 <5 <5 >10 129  <1 <1 <10 125  <510 >10 126  <1 <1 >10 127  <5 <10 >10 128  <1 <5 >10 121  <1 >10 >10120  <5 <5 >10 123  <1 <5 >10 124  <1 <10 >10 141  <10 <5 >10 140  <1<5 >10 139  <1 <1 >10 134  <5 <10 <5 135  <5 >10 >10 137  <5 >10 >10  8<5 <5 >10 11 >10 >10 <5 12 <5 <5 >10 19 <1 <10 >10 21 <1 <10 <10 130  <1<5 >10 150  <1 <10 >10 88 <1 <5 >10 89 <1 <1 >10 71 <1 <1 >10 73 <1<5 >10 163  <1 <5 <5 170  <5 >10 >10 171  <10 <10 >10 176  <1 >10 >10177  <1 <10 >10 178  <1 <10 <5 179  <1 >10 >10 180  <1 <5 >10 182 <1 >10 185  <1 >10 186  <1 >10 195  <1 <5 >10 196  <1 <5 <5 197  <1 <1<10 198  <1 <1 >10 199  <1 <5 >10 204  <5 <5 >10

EXAMPLE 79 Analgesia in Mice and Rats (See FIG. 2)

[0688] This Example establishes in vivo analgesia in mice and rats forcompounds 6, 30, 32, 66, and 69. A “tail-flick” analgesia model known inthe art was utilized (D'Amour et al. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1941, 72,74). Groups of four male mice (weighing ˜22 g) or rats were used, foreach dose. Three doses (1, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/kg) of compounds 6, 30, 32,66, and 69 were dissolved in a vehicle of 50 mM aqueous sodium acetate,and were administered intravenously. The control group received vehiclealone. Before treatment (t=0 minutes), pre-selection was done by using afocused beam of radiant heat applied to the middle dorsal surface of theanimal tail to elicit a tail flick response within 6-7.5 seconds.Compounds 6, 30, 32, 66, and 69 were then administered i.v. for 1 minutebefore stimulation by the focused beam of radiant heat. The timerequired to elicit the tail-flick response was recorded for each animaland a maximum cut-off of 15 seconds was set. Prolongation by 50% or moreof the time required to elicit a tail-flick response relative to controlanimals indicated analgesic activity.

EXAMPLE 80N-Phenyl-N-[1-(4-Phenylbutyl)piperidin-3-ylmethyl]propionamide (120)

[0689]

[0690] Trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofcompound N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (108 mg,0.31 mmol) in 1.0 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLC showed thereaction was complete. After removal of the solvents, the crude productwas used in the next step without purification.

[0691] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in DMF(0.5 mL) and 4-phenylbutyraldehyde (49 μL, 1.1 equiv) was added. Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 60 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (95%, 340mg, 5 eq.) was introduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken atroom temperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of withNaOH (10%), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The extractswere combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent wasremoved, the remaining oily residue was purified by preparative thinlayer chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5) to affordN-Phenyl-N-[1-(4-Phenylbutyl) piperidin-3-ylmethyl]propionamide (120) asa colorless oil. LRMS 379(M+H⁺).

EXAMPLE 81N-(2-Fluorophenyl)-N-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)propionamide (121)

[0692]

[0693] To a solution of piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butylester 1 (1.0 g, 4.4 mmol), 2-fluoroaniline (463 μl, 4.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(25 ml) at 0° C. was added DCC (0.99 g, 4.8 mmol) in several portions.The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The whiteprecipitate was removed by filtration. After removal of solvent, theresidue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethylacetate, 4:1) to give 3-(2-fluorophenylcarbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (2) as a colorless oil (1.13 g, 80%).

[0694] To a solution of3-(2-fluorophenylcarbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester(2) (1.13 g, 3.5 mmol) in THF (4 ml) at 0° C. was added BH₃-THF solution(1.0 M, 3.5 ml) slowly. The mixture was refluxed for 2 hrs. The reactionwas quenched by slow addition of MeOH at 0° C. The solvent was removedby evaporation. The residue was purified by column chromatography(silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate, 85:15) to give3-[(2-Fluorophenylamino)methyl]piperidin-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester (3) as a colorless oil (0.97 g, 90%).

[0695] To a solution of3-[(2-Fluorophenylamino)methyl]piperidin-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester (3) (150 mg, 0.49 mmol), N,N-diisopropylehylamine (435 μl, 2.5mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml) at 0° C. was added propionyl chloride (130 μl,1.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken overnight. The mixture waspoured into 10% NaOH (5 mL), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10mL). The extracts are combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give a slightlyyellow oil, which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel,hexane/ethyl acetate, 4:1) to give3-{[(2-fluorophenyl)propionylamino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester (4) (162 mg, 92%).

[0696] To a solution of3-{[(2-fluorophenyl)propionylamino]methyl}piperidine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester (4) (162 mg, 0.45 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml) at 0° C. wasadded TFA (1 ml). After stirring for 30 min., solvent and excess TFA wasremoved by evaporation. The residue was dissolved in 1.5 ml of CH₃CN (10ml), to which K₂CO₃ (1245 mg) and (2-bromoethyl) benzene (123 μl, 0.9mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight. Aftercooling down to room temperature, 5 mL of 10% NaOH was added. Theorganic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc(2×10 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and driedwith Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. The crude product was purified byflash silica gel chromatography (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ ) to give colorlessN-(2-Fluorophenyl)-N-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)propionamide (121)(141 mg, 85%). LRMS 369 (M+H⁺).

EXAMPLE 82 N-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl isobutyramide(123)

[0697]

[0698] To a stirred suspension of3-phenylaminomethylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1)(220 mg, 0.76 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (350 mg) in2.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added isobutyryl chloride (122 μl, 1.5 eq.) atroom temperature. After being shaken at room temperature for 3 hours,the reaction mixture was passed through an aminopropyl NH₂ cartridge andwashed with CH₂Cl₂. Removal of CH₂Cl₂ afforded3-[(isobutyrylphenylamino)methylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester (2) (259 mg, 95%).

[0699] Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of3-[(isobutyrylphenylamino)methylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester (2) (106 mg, 0.29 mmol) in 0.5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C.(ice-water). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30minutes. TLC showed the reaction was complete. After removal of thesolvents, the residue was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs. The crudeproduct was used for the next step without purification.

[0700] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in 1.0 mLof CH₃CN, to which K₂CO₃ (122 mg) and (2-bromoethyl) benzene (82 μl, 2eq.) were added. The mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight. Aftercooling down to room temperature, 5 mL of 10% NaOH was added. Theorganic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc(2×10 ml). The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filteredand evaporated. The remaining oily residue was purified by preparativethin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 9:1) to affordN-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl isobutyramide (123) as acolorless oil (92 mg, 86%). LRMS 365.

EXAMPLE 83N-Phenyl-N-[1-(3-Phenylpropylyl)piperidin-3-ylmethyl)]isobutyramide(124)

[0701]

[0702]N-Phenyl-N-[1-(3-Phenylpropylyl)piperidin-3-ylmethyl)]isobutyramide(124) was synthesized using the procedure outlined in Example 84. LRMS379.

EXAMPLE 84 N-[1-(1-Methyl-2-Phenethyl)piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenylpropionamide (125 & 126)

[0703]

[0704] Trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of(R)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (101 mg, 0.29mmol) in 1.0 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 30 min. TLC showed the reaction wascomplete. After removal of the solvents, the crude product was used forthe next step without purification.

[0705] The crude compound was dissolved in acetonitrile (1.0 mL) and2-bromo-1-phenyl propane (293 μL), and K₂CO₃ (120 mg) were added. Themixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5mL of aqueous KOH (10%), then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL).The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After thesolvent was removed, the remaining oily residue was purified bypreparative thin layer chromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 95:5) to affordN-[1-(1-Methyl-2-Phenethyl)piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl propionamideas a colorless oil (66 mg, 62%) LRMS 365.

[0706] The diastereomers ofN-[1-(1-Methyl-2-phenethyl)piperidin-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl propionamidewere separated on a chiral column (Chiralpak AD. Column numberAD00CG-IF001) with Hexanes (0.2% of diethylamine):iPrOH (98:2). Thefirst compound to elute from the column was 125, and the second compoundto elute from the column was 126.

EXAMPLE 85N-Phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylpropyl)piperidin-3-ylmethyl]propionamide (127 &128)

[0707]

[0708] Trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofcompound (R)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (158mg, 0.46 mmol) in 1.0 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLCshowed the reaction was complete. After removal of the solvents, thecrude product was used for next step.

[0709] The crude compound was dissolved in DMF (1.5 mL) and2-phenylpropionaldehyde (93 μL, 1.5 equiv) was added. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min. NaB(OAc)₃H (153 mg, 1.5 eq.) wasintroduced in one portion, and the mixture was shaken at roomtemperature overnight. The mixture was quenched with 5 mL of NaOH (10%),then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The extracts were combinedand washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (sat., 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent was removed, theremaining oily residue was purified by preparative thin layerchromatography (EtOAc/MeOH, 95:5) to affordN-Phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylpropyl) piperidin-3-ylmethyl]propionamide as acolorless oil ( 19 mg, 71%). LRMS 365.

[0710] The diastereomers of N-Phenyl-N-[ 1-(2-phenylpropyl)piperidin-3-ylmethyl]propionamide were separated on achiral column (Chiralpak AD. Column number AD00CG-1F001) with Hexanes(0.2% of diethylamine):iPrOH (98:2). The first compound to elute fromthe column was 127, and the second compound to elute from the column was128.

EXAMPLE 86 N-[1-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-yl)ethyl]-N-Phenylpropionamide(129)

[0711]

[0712] To a stirred suspension of3-(1-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1) (31mg, 0.135 mmol) and piperidinomethyl polystyrene resin (60 mg) in 0.5 mLof CH₂Cl₂ was added methanesulfonyl chloride (15.7 μL, 1.5 eq.). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 60 min. After removal ofsolvent, aniline (50 μL) was introduced. The mixture was heated at 95°C. overnight. The crude product was purified by preparative thin layerchromatography (EtOAc/Hexane, 1:2) to afford3-(1-phenylaminoethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2)(21 mg, 51%).

[0713] Compound 129 was then prepared from 2, using the final steps ofthe procedure described in Example 81. LRMS 365.

EXAMPLE 871-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one (130)

[0714]

[0715] To a solution of 3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one (96 mg, 0.65 mmol)in 1.5 mL of DMF was added NaH (26 mg, 1 eq.). The mixture was stirredat room temperature for 45 min. 3-lodomethylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester (200 mg, 0.62 mmol) in 0.5 mL of DMF was introducedslowly to the reaction mixture. The reaction was continued for 1 h. atroom temperature. The mixture was diluted with 10 mL of EtOAc and washedwith aqueous HCl (5%, 5 mL), NaHCO₃ (sat., 5 mL), brine (10 mL), anddried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent was removed, theremaining oily residue was purified by preparative thin layerchromatography (EtOAc/Hexane, 3:7) to afford3-(2-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester (2) as a colorless oil (80 mg, 37%).

[0716]3-(2-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester (2) was converted to1-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one (130)(68 mg, 85%), using the fmal steps of the procedure described in Example81. LRMS 349.

EXAMPLE 88N-4-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-Carbobenzyloxy(2-anilinocarboxy)piperazine(131)

[0717]

[0718] A solution of 4-Boc-1-Cbz-piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (2.66mmol, 0.970 g) and aniline (1.1 equiv, 2.93 mmol, 270 μL) in CH₂Cl₂ (15mL) at 0° C. was treated with DCC (2.0 equiv, 5.32 mmol, 1.10 g) underAr. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. and stirred for12 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered to remove the urea and thesolvents were removed in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 2.5 cm×30.5 cm,1:1 hexane-EtOAc) of the crude material gave 131 (1.15 g, 1.17 gtheoretical, 98%) as a white foam. LRMS m/z 439 (M⁺, C₂₄H₂₉N₃O, requires439).

EXAMPLE 89N-4-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-Carbobenzyloxy(2-anilinomethyl)piperazine(132)

[0719]

[0720] A solution of 131 (0.519 mmol, 228 mg) in THF (1.5 mL) at 0° C.was treated with 1.0 M BH₃-THF (2.5 equiv, 1.30 mmol) under Ar. Thereaction mixture was then heated to 80° C. and allowed to stir for 12 h.The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched with 10%aqueous HCl. The pH was adjusted to 10 with 10% aqueous NaOH and thereaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL). The organics werewashed with brine, and dried over MgSO₄ to give crude 132.

EXAMPLE 90N-(4-tert-Butyloxy-1-Carbobenzaloxypiperazin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(anilino)cyclopropionamide(133)

[0721]

[0722] A solution of the crude aniline intermediate (132) (0.519 mmol)in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. was treated with cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (1.5equiv, 0.779 mmol, 77 μL) and diisopropylethylamine (2.0 equiv, 1.04mmol, 181 μL) under Ar. After warming to 25° C. and stirring for 12 h,the reaction mixture was quenched with 10% aqueous NaHCO₃. The reactionmixture was then made acidic with 10% aqueous HCl and extracted withEtOAc (3×25 mL). Chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 1:2EtOAc-Hexane) provided 133 (136 mg, 256 mg theoretical, 53%) as acolorless oil: R_(f) 0.22 (SiO₂, 1:2 EtOAc-Hexane); LRMS m/z 493 (M⁺,C₂₈H₃₅N₃O₅ requires 493).

EXAMPLE 91N-1-Carbobenzyloxy(4-phenethyl-piperazin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(anilino)cyclopropionamide(134)

[0723]

[0724] A solution of 133 (0.079 mmol, 39 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 50% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The reaction mixture stirredfor 2 h. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the resulting oil wasdried under high vacuum for 12 h. The resulting oil was then treatedwith phenethyl bromide (4.5 equiv, 0.36 mmol, 49 μL) and K₂CO₃ (5.0equiv, 0.39 mmol, 55 mg) in CH₃CN (250 μL). The reaction mixture wasstirred for 12 h at 60° C. The reaction mixture was purified directly bychromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 1:2 EtOAc-Hexane) whichprovided 134 (29 mg, 38 mg theoretical, 76%) as a colorless oil: R_(f)0.28 (SiO₂, 1:2 EtOAc-Hexane); LRMS m/z 497 (M⁺, C₃₁H₃₅N₃O₃ requires497).

EXAMPLE 92N-4-Phenethyl-piperazin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(anilino)cyclopropionamide (135)

[0725]

[0726] A solution of 134 (0.048 mmol, 24 mg) in CH₃OH (1 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 10% Pd—C (20 mg) and then placed under a hydrogenatmosphere. The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h and then was filteredthrough a pad of Celite. The solvents were removed in vacuo. Thereaction mixture was purified directly by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20cm×20 cm, 1 mm, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH) which provided 135 (12 mg, 18 mgtheoretical, 67%) as a colorless oil: R_(f) 0.22 (SiO₂, EtOAc-10%CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 363 (M⁺, C₂₃H₂₉N₃O requires 363).

EXAMPLE 93N-1-Methyl(4-tert-Butyloxypiperazin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(anilino)cyclopropionamide(136)

[0727]

[0728] A solution of 133 (0.18 mmol, 90 mg) in CH₃OH (1.5 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 10% Pd—C (20 mg) and paraformaldehyde (11 mg) and thenplaced under a hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture stirred for 12h and then was filtered through a pad of celite. The solvents wereremoved in vacuo and the resulting oil was purified by chromatography(PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH) which provided 136 (38mg, 68 mg theoretical, 56%) as a colorless oil: R_(f) 0.40 (SiO₂,EtOAc-10% CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 373 (M⁺, C₂₁H₃₁N₃O₃ requires 373).

EXAMPLE 94N-1-Methyl(4-phenethyl-piperazin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(anilino)cyclopropionamide(137)

[0729]

[0730] Compound 136 (0.091 mmol, 34 mg) was treated with 50% TFA inCH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at 25° C. The reaction mixture stirred for 2 h. Thesolvents were removed in vacuo and the resulting oil was dried underhigh vacuum for 12 h. The resulting oil was then treated with phenethylbromide (2.0 equiv, 0.18 mmol, 25 μL) and K₂CO₃ (2.0 equiv, 0.18 mmol,25 mg) in CH₃CN (300 μL). The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h at 60°C. The reaction mixture was purified directly by chromatography (PTLC,SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH) which provided 137 (34 mg, 34mg theoretical, 99%) as a colorless oil: R_(f) 0.33 (SiO₂, EtOAc-10%CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 377 (M⁺, C₂₄H₃₁N₃O requires 377).

EXAMPLE 95N-(1-Cyclohexylethyl-piperidin-3-R-ylmethyl)-N-(anilino-3-yl)propionamide(139)

[0731]

[0732] A solution of 138 (0.471 mmol, 116 mg) in CH₃OH (1 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 10% Pd—C (20 mg) and then placed under a hydrogenatmosphere. The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h and then was filteredthrough a pad of Celite. The solvents were removed in vacuo and theresulting oil was then treated with 1-bromo-2-cyclohexylethane (1.5equiv, 0.707 mmol, 111 μL) and K₂CO₃ (1.5 equiv, 0.707 mmol, 98 mg) inCH₃CN (1 mL). The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h at 60° C. Thereaction mixture was then purified directly by chromatography (PTLC,SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH) which provided 139 (137 mg,168 mg theoretical, 82%) as yellow oil: R_(f) 0.29 (SiO₂, EtOAc-10%CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 356 (M⁺, C₂₃H₃₆N₂O requires 356).

EXAMPLE 96N-(1-(3-ethylindole)piperidin-3-R-ylmethyl)-N-(anilino-3-yl)propionamide(140)

[0733]

[0734] A solution of 138 (0.451 mmol, 172 mg) in CH₃OH (1 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 10% Pd—C (20 mg) and then placed under a hydrogenatmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h and then wasfiltered through a pad of Celite. The solvents were removed in vacuo andthe resulting oil was then treated with 3-(2-bromoethyl)indole (1.5equiv, 0.677 mmol, 152 mg) and K₂CO₃ (1.5 equiv, 0.677 mmol, 94 mg) inCH₃CN (1 mL). The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h at 60° C. Thereaction mixture was then purified directly by chromatography (PTLC,SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH) which provided 140 (176 mg, 88mg theoretical, 50%) as yellow oil: R_(f) 0.22 (SiO₂, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH);LRMS m/z 389 (M⁺, C₂₅H₃₁N₃O requires 389).

EXAMPLE 97N-(1-(1,1-difluoroethylbenzene)piperidin-3-R-ylmethyl)-N-(anilino-3-yl)propionamide(141)

[0735]

[0736] A solution of 138 (0.487 mmol, 185 mg) in CH₃0H (1 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 10% Pd—C (20 mg) and then placed under a hydrogenatmosphere. The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h and then was filteredthrough a pad of celite. The solvents were removed in vacuo and theresulting oil was then treated with (2-bromo-1,1-difluoroethyl)benzene(1.5 equiv, 0.731 mmol, 162 mg) and K₂CO₃ (1.5 equiv, 0.731 mmol, 101mg) in CH₃CN (1 mL). The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h at 60° C. Thereaction mixture was then purified directly by chromatography (PTLC,SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 2:1 Hexane-EtOAc) which provided 141 (20 mg,188 mg theoretical, 11%) as yellow oil: R_(f) 0.52 (SiO₂, 2:1Hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z 386 (M⁺, C₂₃H₂₈F₂N₂O requires 386).

EXAMPLE 98 1-Benzyl-azepan-2-one (142)

[0737]

[0738] To a stirring 0° C. suspension of NaH (18.3 g, 763 mmol) in THF(195 mL) was added by addition funnel azepan-2-one (75.0 g, 667 mmol) inTHF. An additional 2 L of solvent was added as the reaction progressedin order to maintain agitation of the very viscous reaction suspension.Following addition, the reaction was allowed to warm to roomtemperature, and when the evolution of H₂ ceased after stirringovernight, benzyl bromide was added dropwise by addition funnel and thereaction was stirred overnight. The crude product was filtered throughCelite and concentrated in vacuo. Recrystallization from hexanes andethyl acetate provided pure 1-benzyl-azepan-2-one (142) as a whitefluffy solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.38-7.24 (5H, m), 4.61 (2H, s), 3.33-3.29(2H, m), 2.65-2.61 (2H, m), 1.77-1.66 (4H, m), 1.56-1.46 (2H, m) ppm.¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) 176.13, 138.06, 128.67, 128.31, 127.43, 51.20,49.04, 37.33, 30.12, 28.26, 23.58 ppm.

EXAMPLE 99 1-Benzyl-2-oxo-azepane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (143)

[0739]

[0740] LDA was prepared as follows: Diisopropyl amine (15.2 mL, 110mmol) freshly distilled under N₂ and over CaH₂ was added to 110 mL ofanhydrous THF in a dry flask, and the solution was cooled to 0° C. in anice bath. nBuLi (73.3 mL, 111 mmol) was added dropwise, and the reactionwas stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. The freshly prepared LDA was addeddropwise to a −70° C. solution of 1-Benzyl-azepan-2-one (142) (10.98 g,544.0 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous Et₂O (70 mL). The reaction wasstirred at −70° C. for 1 hour, then dimethyl carbonate (4.55 mL, 544mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to roomtemperature overnight. The reaction was judged complete by HPLC, and wasslowly poured into 5N HCl stirring in an ice bath. The organic layer wasextracted. The aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂ two times, and thecombined organics were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. Crude material was purified on an automated flashcolumn with 80:20 Hexanes:EtOAc to obtain 10.85g, (77%) of1-benzyl-2-oxo-azepane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (143) as a paleyellow oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.42-7.10 (5H, broad s), 4.61 (1H, d, J=14.7Hz), 4.50 (1H, d, J=14.7 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 3.7-3.64 (1H, m), 3.40-3.13(2H, m), 2.12-1.98 (1H, m), 1.92-1.73 (2H, m), 1.66-1.42 (2H, m),1.32-1.16 (1H, m) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) 171.94, 171.04, 137.28,128.55, 128.24, 127.43, 52.15 (2), 51.27, 48.31, 27.87, 27.41, 25.91ppm. LRMS: 261.73.

EXAMPLE 100 (1-Benzyl-azepan-3-yl)-methanol (144)

[0741]

[0742] 1-Benzyl-2-oxo-azepan-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (143)(0.2154 g, 0.8243 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.9 mL) was added toa stirring suspension of LiAlH₄ in THF (1.5 mL) over approx. 1.5 hours.The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction was judgedcomplete by TLC and was quenched by the sequential addition of H₂O (0.4mL), then 2N NaOH (1.0 mL) and H₂O (0.4 mL). The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 30 minutes, then was filtered, dried with Na₂SO₄,and concentrated in vacuo. Crude material was purified by automatedsilica gel chromatography with 15:85:5 CH₂Cl₂:Hexanes:2N NH₃ in EtOH toobtain 0.1062 g (59%) of pure (1-benzyl-azepan-3-yl)-methanol (144). ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) 7.40-7.23 (5H, m), 3.65 (2H, s), 3.54 (1H, dd, J=10.4, 3.5Hz), 3.43 (1H, dd, J=10.4, 5.4 Hz), 2.82 (1H, J=13.3, 3.1Hz), 2.77 (2H,m), 2.44 (1H, ddd, J=12.2, 8.6, 3.3 Hz), 1.90-1.45 (6H, m) ppm. ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃, 75 MHz) 139.14, 128.97, 128.14, 126.91, 67.20, 63.85, 58.49,56.87, 39.59, 29.68, 29.43, 25.23 ppm. LRMS: 219.64.

EXAMPLE 101 Azepan-3-yl-methanol (145)

[0743]

[0744] (1-Benzyl-azepan-3-yl)-methanol (144) (0.0922 g, 0.4192 mmol)dissolved in MeOH (1 mL) was added to a stirring suspension of 10% Pd/C(14.4 mg) in 5 mL MeOH. The reaction was purged with H₂, and thereaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction wasjudged complete by ¹H-NMR analysis of an aliquot from the reaction. Thereaction was filtered through a pad of Celite wet with MeOH and wasrinsed with MeOH, and concentrated in vacuo to obtain pureazepan-3-yl-methanol (145) in 60% yield (0.0323 g). Compound 145 wasused in the next Example without further purification. ¹ H NMR (CDCl₃,partial) 3.14-2.70 (4H, m), 1.92-1.73 (4H, m), 1.68-1.42 (3H, m) ppm.¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) 67.32, 52.01, 50.33, 41.31, 31.05, 29.76, 25.44ppm.

EXAMPLE 102 3-Hydroxymethyl-azepan-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (146)

[0745]

[0746] Potassium carbonate was added to a mixture ofazepan-3-yl-methanol (145) (0.032 g, 0.2485 mmol) in THF/H₂O (2:1, 0.31mL). The suspension was cooled to 0° C., and (benzyloxy)carbonylchloride (0.071 mL, 0.497 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction wasallowed to warm to room temperature overnight, and was then concentratedin vacuo. CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O were added. The organics were extracted, washedwith brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated invacuo. The crude material was purified by automated silica gelchromatography with 75:25 Hexanes:EtOAc to obtain3-Hydroxymethyl-azepan-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (146) inapproximately 94% yield.

[0747] Because 146 bears a Cbz group, many of the peaks in the ¹ H and¹³C NMR spectra appear as two sets of peaks. When provided, the value inparentheses is for the smaller of the two sets of peaks that correspondsto the same proton or carbon. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.38-7.26 (5H, m), 5.13(2H, s), (3.77) 3.73 (2H, q, J=5.4 Hz), 3.53-3.42 (2H, m), 3.36 (3.31)1H, d, J=4.3 Hz), 3.23-3.12 (1H, m), 2.10-1.20 (7H, m) ppm. ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃, 75 MHz) 157.02 (156.06), (136.89) 136.74, 128.42, 127.91,127.66, 67.16 (66.87), (65.27) 64.69, (48.12) 47.89, (42.13) 41.23,(30.05) 29.78, 28.78 (28.11), (24.87) 24.61, 14.13 ppm.

EXAMPLE 103 3-Formyl-azepane-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (147)

[0748]

[0749] Dess-Martin periodinane (2.78 g, 6.56 mmol) was slowly added to astirring 0° C. solution of 3-hydroxymethyl-azepane-1-carboxylic acidbenzyl ester (146) (1.2516 g, 5.02 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (18.2 mL). Thereaction was stirred for 1 hour until the reaction was judged completeby HPLC. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo, and a minimal amount ofCH₂Cl₂ was added. Et₂O was added to precipitate the periodinaneby-product, and the reaction was filtered, concentrated, and immediatelypurified through an automated silica gel column with 1:1 Hexanes:EtOActo obtain pure 3-formyl-azepane-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (147)(0.3086 g) in 62% yield.

[0750] Because 147 bears a Cbz group, many of the peaks in the ¹H and¹³C NMR spectra appear as two sets of peaks. When provided, the value inparentheses is for the smaller of the two sets of peaks that correspondto the same proton or carbon. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 9.67 (9.56) (1H, s),7.32-7.22 (5H, m), (5.09, 2H, s) 5.12 (1H, d, J=12.6 Hz) 5.02 (1H, d)J=12.3 Hz), (3.80) 3.75 (1H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 3.60-3.28 (3H, m), 2.70-2.53(1H, m), 190-1.40 (6H, m) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) 202.52 (202.35),155.98 (155.55), (136.59) 136.44, 128.31, 127.81, 127.61, 66.97, (51.57)51.20, (48.68) 48.20, 46.02 (45.43), 28.67 (28.23), (26.27) 26.09,(24.37) 24.30 ppm.

EXAMPLE 104 3-Phenylaminomethyl-azepane-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester(148)

[0751]

[0752] Aniline (0.126 mL, 1.38 mmol) was added to a solution of3-formyl-azepane-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (147) (0.300 g, 1.15mmol) in 5% HOAc in MeOH (11.5 mL). The reaction was stirred for approx.20 minutes, then NaBH₃CN (0.2164 g, 3.44 mmol) was slowly added and thereaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction wasthen concentrated in vacuo and EtOAc and a few drops of 10% NaOH wereadded. The organic was washed with saturated NaCl (aq), dried withNa₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo, to give crude3-phenylaminomethyl-azepane-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (148).Compound 148 was used in the next step without further purification.

EXAMPLE 105

[0753] 3-[(Phenyl-propionyl-amino)-methyl]-azepane-1-carboxylic acidbenzyl ester (149)

[0754] Et(iPr)₂N (0.24 mL, 1.38 mmol) was added to a stirring solutionof crude 3-phenylaminomethyl-azepane-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester(148) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.3 mL) under N₂. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. inan ice bath, then propionyl chloride (0.22 mL, 2.53 mmol) was addeddropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperatureovernight. The reaction was then judged complete by TLC. It wasconcentrated in vacuo and EtOAc and 10% NaOH (aq) were added. Theorganic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentratedin vacuo, and purified by automated silica gel chromatography with96:2:2 Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH to obtain3-[(phenyl-propionyl-amino)-methyl]-azepane-1-carboxylic acid benzylester (149) (0.3266 g) in 72% yield for two steps.

[0755] Because 149 bears a Cbz group, many of the peaks in the ¹ H and¹³C NMR spectra appear as two sets of peaks. When provided, the value inparentheses is for the smaller of the two sets of peaks that correspondsto the same proton or carbon. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.55-7.20 (9H, m),7.15-6.90 (1H, m), 5.24-5.05 (2H, m), 4.20-4.05 (1H, m), 400-3.05 (5H,m), 2.95-2.75 (1H, m), 2.07-2.00 (2H, m), 2.00-0.85 (9H, m) ppm. ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃, 75 MHz) (174.1) 1743.98, 156.15 (156.03), 142.71, (137.11)136.97, 129.78 (129.67), (128.69) 128.55, 128.47, 128.26, 128.06,127.84, 127.61, 67.14 (66.90), 52.33 (51.87), 49.67 (49.46), 47.64(47.12), (38.83) 38.30, 32.01 (31.58), (27.87) 27.73, 24.75 (24.47),9.63 ppm. LRMS: 394.37.

EXAMPLE 106N-(1-Phenethylaminomethyl-azepane-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (150)

[0756]

[0757] 3-[(phenyl-propionyl-amino)-methyl]-azepane-1-carboxylic acidbenzyl ester (149) and phenylacetaldehyde (0.148 mL, 1.27 mmol) in 1.5mL MeOH were added to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (0.0553 g) in 7.0 mLMeOH. The reaction mixture was shaken under 40 psi H₂ until theconsumption of H₂ ceased and the reaction was judged complete by TLC.The crude reaction mixture was passed through a column of Celite wetwith MeOH, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash columnchromatography 80:18:2 Hexanes:CH₂Cl₂:2N NH₃ in EtOH to obtainN-(1-Phenethylaminomethyl-azepane-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (150)(0.0404 g) in 43% yield. ¹ H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.47-7.15 (10 H, m), 3.64 (2H,broad dd, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz), 2.82-2.59 (4H, m), 2.74 (4H, broad s), 2.45(1H, dd, J=13.3, 8.6 Hz), 2.07 (2H, q, J=7.4 Hz), 1.96-1.82 (1H, m),1.76-1.76-1.26 (5H, m), 1.07 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75MHz) 174.23, 143.08, 140.88, 129.85, 128.93, 128.46 (2), 127.91, 126.01,61.22, 58.35, 56.34, 53.02, 37.84, 34.21, 31.14, 28.80, 28.11, 25.00,9.92 ppm. LRMS: 364.30.

EXAMPLE 107 Synthesis of Diazepine 154

[0758]

[0759] Dibromide 153 (30.0 g, 122 mmol) in 500 mL of isopropanol wascooled to 0° C. A solution of dibenzylethylenediamine (122 mmol, 28.8mL) and triethylamine (TEA) (269 mmol, 2.2 equiv., 37.5 mL) in 125 mL ofisopropanol was added dropwise to the well-stirred solution over 1 hr.(a white precipitate, TEA-HBr, is formed). After complete addition andrinsing of the addition funnel with isopropanol (3×10 mL), the coolingbath was removed and the solution was heated to a gentle reflux for 3hours. The solution was placed in a −20° C. freezer overnight. Theprecipitated TEA-HBr was removed by filtration and the filter cake waswashed with cold isopropanol. The filtrate was concentrated on a rotaryevaporator and the residue was dissolved in 300 mL of THF. This solutionwas cooled to −20° C. and then filtered to remove additional TEA-HBr.The filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator and placed under 1mm Hg vacuum overnight to give acid 154, a sticky brown foam (33 g)which was not purified further.

EXAMPLE 108 Synthesis of Diazepine 155

[0760]

[0761] Crude acid 154 (33 g) in 400 mL of THF was cooled to 0° C. 250 mLof a 1 M solution of LAH in THF was added dropwise over 45 minutes. Thecooling bath was removed and the solution was heated to a gentle refluxfor 45 minutes and cooled to 0° C. The vigorously stirred cold solutionwas quenched by dropwise addition of 10 mL water, 10 mL 1M NaOH, and 30mL of water. The suspension was stirred for 30 minutes, filtered and thefilter cake was washed with THF and methylene chloride. The filtrate wasconcentrated on a rotary evaporator. The residue was dissolved inmethylene chloride, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated on arotary evaporator and then placed under 1 mm Hg vacuum overnight to givea yellow viscous oil (155) (28 g, 74% crude yield for two steps). Theproduct can be purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain acolorless oil using EtOAc with 0.5% ammonium hydroxide as eluent, butcrude material was normally not purified.

EXAMPLE 109 Synthesis of Diazepine 156

[0762]

[0763] Crude alcohol 155 (28 g, 90.3 mmol) in 100 mL of methylenechloride was stirred at 25° C. TEA (1.1 equiv., 99.3 mmol, 13.8 mL) wasadded followed by TBDMSCI (1.05 equiv., 94.8 mmol, 14.3 g) and DMAP(0.02 equiv., 1.8 mmol, 220 mg) in 50 mL of methylene chloride. Thesolution became clouded and the resulting suspension was stirredovernight and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated on a rotaryevaporator. The residue was dissolved in 150 mL of chloroform and thesolution was washed in a separatory funnel with water, with brine, thendried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated ona rotary evaporator and then placed under 1 mm Hg vacuum overnight togive a yellow-brown viscous oil that was purified on silica gel using80:20 hexane:EtOAc containing ca. 0.5% ammonium hydroxide. Colorless oil156 (32 g, 83%) was obtained.

EXAMPLE 110 Synthesis of Diazepine 157

[0764]

[0765] Crude diamine 156 (16 g, 37.7 mmol) in 50 mL of methanol wasplaced in a dry Parr bottle and 20% palladium hydroxide catalyst (ca. 3g) was added. After vacuum purging, the suspension was hydrogenated on aParr shaker at 50 psi hydrogen pressure overnight. The suspension wasfiltered and the filter cake was washed with methylene chloride. Thefiltrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to give colorless oil157, which partly solidified upon standing (9.1 g, 99%).

EXAMPLE 111 Synthesis of Diazepine 158

[0766]

[0767] Diamine 157 (2.1 g, 8.6 mmol) was converted at 0° C. by standardprocedures to bis-amide 158 using methylene chloride as solvent (80 mL)and 2.2 equivalents (18.9 mmol) of both N-methylmorpholine andphenylacetyl chloride, aqueous workup, and silica gel chromatography.Bis-amide 158 was isolated as a colorless foam (3.9 g, 94%).

EXAMPLE 112 Synthesis of Diazepine 159

[0768]

[0769] Silyl ether 158 (3.9 g, 8.1 mmol) was converted at 25° C. bystandard procedures to alcohol 159 using THF as solvent (80 mL) and 1.1equivalents (8.9 mmol) of a commercial 1 M solution oftetra-butylammonium fluoride in THF, aqueous workup, and silica gelchromatography. Alcohol 159 was isolated as a colorless foam (2.2 g,73%).

EXAMPLE 113 Synthesis of Diazepine 160

[0770]

[0771] Alcohol 159 (2.16 g, 5.9 mmol) was converted at 25° C. bystandard procedures to aldehyde 160 using methylene chloride as solvent(50 mL) and 1.2 equivalents (8.9 mmol) of commercial Dess-Martinperiodinane reagent, treatment with 50 mL 1 N NaOH, aqueous workup, andsilica gel chromatography. Aldehyde 160 was isolated as a colorlesssolid (1.8 g, 85%).

EXAMPLE 114 Synthesis of Diazepine 161

[0772]

[0773] Aldehyde 160 (1.08 g, 3.0 mmol) was converted at 25° C. bystandard procedures to amine 161, using 99:1trimethylorthoformate:acetic acid as solvent (20 mL), 1.1 equivalents ofaniline (3.3 mmol), and after 1 hour adding 1.5 equivalents (8.9 mmol)of commercial 1M sodium cyanoborohydride THF solution. Aqueous workupand silica gel chromatography (eluent: 90:10:1 ethylacetate:hexane:ammonium hydroxide) gave amine 161 as a colorless foam(0.93 g, 70%).

EXAMPLE 115 Synthesis of Diazepine 162

[0774]

[0775] Amine 161 (0.90 g, 2.0 mmol) was converted by standard proceduresto amine 162, using THF as solvent (15 mL), and adding 6 equivalents (12mmol) of commercial 1M lithium aluminum hydride in THF solution at 0° C.followed by 1 hr. at reflux. Dropwise water/1N NaOH/water quench,dilution with methylene chloride (50 mL), filtration of the slurry, andsilica gel chromatography (eluent: 100:1 ethyl acetate:ammoniumhydroxide) gave amine 162 as a colorless oil (0.58 g, 69%). Physicaldata for compound 162: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, free base): δ 7.1-7.4 (m, 12H),6.68 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (dd, J=7.5 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (d, J =6.9Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.98 (m, 16H), 2.22 (m, 1H). MS (M+1): 414.3.

EXAMPLE 116 Synthesis of Diazepine 163

[0776]

[0777] Amine 162 (0.55 g, 1.3 mmol) was converted at 0° C. by standardprocedures to amide 163 using methylene chloride as solvent (5 mL) and1.1 equivalents (1.5 mmol) of both N-methylmorpholine and propionylchloride, aqueous workup, and silica gel chromatography. Amide 163 wasisolated as a colorless foam (0.56 g, 90%). The HCl salt was prepared bydissolution of 163 in methanol (1.5 mL), addition of 1.5 mL ofcommercial 4N HCl in dioxane, and concentration in vacuo. Physical datafor compound 163: ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, free base): δ 174.3, 143.1, 140.8,130.0, 129.0, 128.55, 128.53, 128.0, 126.1, 61.2, 57.8, 56.5, 51.5,38.1, 34.2, 28.2, 10.0. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, free base): δ 7.1-7.4 (m, 15H),3.62 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.49-2.78 (m, 16H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 2.04 (q, J=7.5Hz, 2H), 1.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H). MS (M+1): 470.3.

EXAMPLE 117 Synthesis of (1-Benzyl-piperidin-3-yl)-phenyl-amine (164)

[0778]

[0779] To a solution of 1-benzyl-piperidin-3-one hydrochloride salt(2.02 g, 8.95 mmol), aniline (1.67 ml, 17.89 mmol) in MeOH (20 ml) atroom temperature was added NaCNBH₃ (1.8 g, 28.64 mmol) in severalportions. The mixture was stirred over night. The mixture was taken upin 50 ml of water, the pH was increased to 12 with 2N KOH and extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 ml). Standard work-up of the organic solution provided164 as a dried residue which was used in the next step without furtherpurification. LRMS (calculated for C₁₈H₂₂N₂) 266, found 266.

EXAMPLE 118 Synthesis ofN-(1-Benzyl-piperidin-3-yl)-N-phenyl-propionamide (165)

[0780] To the crude (1-benzyl-piperidin-3-yl)-phenyl-amine (164) (1.11g) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml) at 0° C. was added i-Pr₂NEt (1.45 ml) and propionylchloride (0.54 ml). The mixture was stirred for 2 hr. The mixture wasdiluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml), washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×10 ml), brine(10 ml) and water (10 ml) and dried with Na₂SO₄. After filtration, thefiltrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography (0.5% to 2% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give 165 as acolorless oil. LRMS (calculated for C₂₁H₂₆N₂O) 322, found 322; IR (film)3059, 2937, 2863, 2797, 1657, 1594, 1499, 1390, 1264, 1101, 1074, 739,703 cm⁻¹.

EXAMPLE 119 Synthesis of N-phenyl-N-piperidin-3-yl-propionamide (166)

[0781]

[0782] A mixture of N-(1-benzyl-piperidin-3-yl)-N-phenyl-propionamide(165) (150 mg) and Pd—C(10%, 50 mg) and MeOH (50 ml) was stirred underH₂ (1 atm) for 24 hr. The catalyst was removed by filtration throughCelite to give 166 as a colorless oil (105 mg, 97%). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.41 (m, 3H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 3.20 (m 1H), 2.90 (m, 1H),2.40-2.20 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 1.60 (m, 4H), 1.20 (m, 1H), 1.00 (t,3H) ppm; LRMS (calculated for C₁₄H₂₁N₂O) (M+1)⁺ 233, found 233.

EXAMPLE 120 Synthesis of3-(Phenyl-propionyl-amino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester(167)

[0783]

[0784] To a solution of N-phenyl-N-piperidin-3-yl-propionamide (166)(105 mg, 0.45 mmol) and i-Pr₂NEt (0.26 ml, 1.5 mmol) in THF (2 ml) wasadded di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.0 in THF, 1.0 ml, 1.0 mmol). Themixture was stirred overnight. After removal the solvent, the residuewas dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml), washed with sat. NaHCO₃, brine andwater and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration, the filtrate wasconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was filtered through a shortsilica gel pad to give 167 as a light yellow oil. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.40 (m, 3H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 0.20 (m, 1H), 4.00(m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 3H), 1.61 (m, 1H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1.50(s, 9H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 1.00 (t, 3H) ppm; LRMS (calculated forCH₂₈N₂O₃-BOC)⁺ 232, found 232; IR (film) 2978, 2937, 2860, 1693, 1662,1698, 1494, 1422, 1363, 1264, 1151, 1386, 1182cm⁻¹.

EXAMPLE 121 HPLC Separation of3-(S)-(Phenyl-propionyl-amino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester (168) and 3-(R)-(Phenyl-propionyl-amino)-piperidine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester (169)

[0785]

[0786] The enantiomers of 167 were separated on a chiral column(Chiralpak A D Column; μ=5 m/min; λ=254 nm) with (9:1) Hexanes:iPrOH.The first compound to elute from the column (retention time=4.956minutes) was randomly assigned structure 168 (S); and the secondcompound to elute from the column (retention time=5.540 minutes) wasassigned structure 169 (R).

EXAMPLE 122 Synthesis of(R)—N-(1-phenethyl-piperidin-3-yl)-N-phenyl-propioamide (170)

[0787]

[0788] 3(R)-(Phenyl-propionyl-amino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester (169) (100 mg) was dissolved in a mixture of TFA-CH₂Cl₂(1 ml, 20%) and stirred for 1 hr. After removal of solvent, the residuewas dried under vacuum for 30 min and dissolved in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂,washed with sat. K₂CO₃, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered. After evaporation ofthe solvent, the residue was dissolved in CH₃CN (1 ml). Then K₂CO₃ (125mg, 3 eq), water (1 ml) and (2-bromoethyl)benzene (0.05 ml, 1.2 eq) wasadded. The mixture was heated at 70° C. for 12 hr. After cooling to roomtemperature, the mixture was diluted with sat. NaHCO₃ (5 ml), extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 ml). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gelchromatography (100% CH₂Cl₂, 2%-4% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give 170 as acolorless oil. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40 (m, 3H), 7.10 (m, 2H),4.80 (m, 1H), 0.20 (m, 1H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 3H),1.61 (m, 1H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 1.00 (t, 3H)ppm; LRMS (calculated for C₂₂H₂₈N₂O₂)⁺ 336, found 336; IR (film) 2978,2937, 2860, 1693, 1662, 1698, 1494, 1422, 1363, 1264, 1151, 1386, 1182cm⁻.

EXAMPLE 123 Synthesis of(S)—N-(1-phenethyl-piperidin-3-yl)-N-phenyl-propioamide (171)

[0789]

[0790] 3(S)-(Phenyl-propionyl-amino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester (168) (100 mg) was dissolved in a mixture of TFA-CH₂Cl₂(1 ml, 20%) and stirred for 1 hr. After removal of solvent, the residuewas dried under vacuum for 30 min and dissolved in 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂,washed with sat. K₂CO₃, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered. After evaporation ofthe solvent, the residue was dissolved in CH₃CN (1 ml). Then K₂CO₃ (125mg, 3 eq), water (1 ml) and (2-bromoethyl)benzene (0.05 ml, 1.2 eq) wasadded. The mixture was heated at 70° C. for 12 hr. After cool to roomtemperature, the mixture was diluted with sat. NaHCO₃ (5 ml), extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 ml). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gelchromatography (100% CH₂Cl₂, 2%-4% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to give 171 as acolorless oil. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40 (m, 3H), 7.10 (m, 2H),4.80 (m, 1H), 0.20 (m, 1H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 3H),1.61 (m, 1H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 1.00 (t, 3H)ppm; LRMS (calculated for C₂₂H₂₈N₂O₂)⁺ 336, found 336; IR (film) 2978,2937, 2860, 1693, 1662, 1698, 1494, 1422, 1363, 1264, 1151, 1386, 1182cm⁻¹.

EXAMPLE 124 Synthesis of (1-Benzyl-1,2,5,6,tetrahydro-pyridin-3-yl)methanol (172)

[0791]

[0792] To a solution of 3-hydroxymethylpyrridine (5.0 g, 45.9 mmol) inacetone (50 ml) was added benzyl bromide (7.0 ml). The mixture wasrefluxed for 24 hr. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. Thesolvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (100 ml), cooledby an ice-water bath. NaBH₄ (1.5 eq.) was added slowly. After addition,the mixture was stirred for 2 hr at 0° C. After removal of MeOH, aq.NaHCO₃ (100 ml) was added. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×100ml). The combined organic solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered. Thefiltrate was concentrated under vacuum. Silica gel chromatography(2%-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) provided 172 as a light yellow oil (8.2 g, 88%).¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40-7.20 (m, 5H), 5.70 (broad s, 1H), 4.00(s, 2H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 3.00 (s, 2H), 2.55 (t, 2H), 2.20 (broad s, 2H)ppm; LRMS (calculated for C₁₃H₁₇NO) 203, found 203.

EXAMPLE 125 Synthesis of(3-Benzyl-3-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-methanol (173)

[0793]

[0794] To a solution of ZnEt₂ (17.3 ml, 1.0 M) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) at 0°C. was added CH₂I₂ (1.4 ml) (CAUTION: exothermic!). After stirring for15 min, a solution of 172 (352 mg, 1.73 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml) wasadded. The mixture was stirred from 0° C. to room temperature overnight.5% HCl was added to bring the mixture to a homogeneous solution. (whitesolid dissolved). The two layers were separated. Aqueous layer wasneutralized with 2N KOH to pH=10-12, extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (twice). Thecombined organic solution was dried (K₂CO₃/Na₂SO₄), filtered andconcentrated. The LRMS of the crude mixture showed that the ratio of 173to 172 was about 1:1. The product was not isolated from the startingmaterial due to their similar polarities. LRMS (calculated for C₁₄H₁₉NO)217, found 217.

EXAMPLE 126 Synthesis of3-Benzyl-3-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-1-carbaldehyde (174)

[0795]

[0796] To a solution of oxalyl chloride (0.22 ml, 2.54 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(2 ml) at −55 ° C. was added a solution of DMSO (0.30 ml, 4.24 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (1 ml). The mixture was stirred for 2 min. Then, a solution of173 (230 mg, 1.06 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml) was added dropwise. Afterstirring for 15 min at −55° C., Et₃N (1.4 ml) was added slowly. Themixture was stirred for 5 min and then warmed to room temperature.Aqueous NaHCO₃ (5 ml) was added. The two layers were separated; and theaqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×5 ml). The combined organicswere dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give the crude product.Chromatography (1% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) gave 174 as a light red liquid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) (partial) δ 9.42 (s, 1H), 7.30 (m, 5H); LRMS(calculated for C₁₄H₁₇NO) 215, found 215.

EXAMPLE 127 Synthesis of(3-Benzyl-3-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-ylmethyl)-phenyl-amine (175)

[0797]

[0798] To a solution of3-Benzyl-3-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-1-carbaldehyde (174) (300 mg, 1.39mmol) in 5% HOAc in MeOH (2 ml) was added aniline (0.38 ml, 4.18 mmol)and NaCNBH₃ (250 mg, 3.97 mmol). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature 2 hrs. MeOH was removed by evaporation. Water (5 mL) wasadded to the residue. The mixture was neutralized with 2N KOH to pH=10.Extraction with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 ml) followed by standard work-up providedcrude 175 which was purified by silica gel chromatography (1% MeOH inCH₂Cl₂). LRMS (calculated for C₂₀H₂₅N₂, M+1) 293, found 293.

EXAMPLE 128 Synthesis ofN-(3-Benzyl-3-aza-bicyclo4.1.0]hept-1-ylmethyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide(176)

[0799]

[0800] To the a solution of3-Benzyl-3-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-ylmethyl)-phenyl-amine (175) (250mg, 0.86 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml) at 0° C. was added i-Pr₂NEt (0.30 ml,1.72 mmol)) and propionyl chloride (0.11 ml, 1.29 mmol). The mixture wasstirred for 2 hrs. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml), washedwith sat. NaHCO₃ (2×5 ml), brine (5 ml) and water (5 ml) and dried withNa₂SO₄. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum.The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0.5% to 2% MeOHin CH₂Cl₂) to give 176 as a colorless oil. ¹ H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.41-7.20 (m, 10H), 4.20 (d, 1H), 3.42 (AB, 2H), 3.21 (d, 1H), 2.65 (q,2H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.30 (m, 1H), 1.05 (t, 3H),0.80-0.20 (m, 2H) ppm; LRMS (calculated for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O) 348, found 348;IR (film) 3308, 3105, 3064, 2978, 2937, 2874, 2811, 1689 m 1666, 1598,1540, 1499, 1445, 1314, 1246, 1196, 1074, 757 cm⁻.

EXAMPLE 129 Solid-phase Synthesis ofN-[1-(4-Fluorophenethyl)-piperidine-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide(177)

[0801]

[0802] To 2-(4-formyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl polystyrene (100 mg, 0.46mmol/g) was added 1 ml DMF followed by 91 μl aniline (0.46 mmol). Aftershaking at room temperature for 30 min, 195 mg of Na(OAc)₃BH (0.92 mmol)and 50 μl HOAc were added, then the reaction mixture was agitated atroom temperature overnight. The resulting resin (1) was thoroughlywashed with DMF (3×1 ml), MeOH (4×1 ml), and CH₂Cl₂ (4×1 ml), then driedin vacuo. To 1 was added N-Fmoc-nipecotic acid (81 mg, 0.23 mmol) andPyBroP (107 mg, 0.23 mmol) in 1 ml DMF followed by 40 μlN,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.23 mmol), and the resulting slurry wasshaken at room temperature for 2 hours. The resulting resin 2 was washedwith DMF (3×1 ml), MeOH (4×1 ml), and CH₂Cl₂ (4×1 ml) and dried invacuo.

[0803] Resin 2 was treated with 1 ml 25% piperidine in DMF at roomtemperature for 30 min, then washed with DMF (3×1 ml), MeOH (4×1 ml),and CH₂Cl₂ (4×1 ml) and dried in vacuo. To the resulting resin was added4-fluorophenylacetic acid (36 mg, 0.23 mmol) and PyBOP (120 mg, 0.23mmol) in 1 ml DMF followed by 26 μl N-methylmorpholine (0.23 mmol).After shaking at room temperature for 3 hours, the resulting resin (3)was washed extensively with DMF (3×1 ml), MeOH (4×1 ml), and CH₂Cl₂ (4×1ml) and dried in vacuo. Resin 3 was treated with 1 ml of 1 M BH₃-THFsolution at room temperature for 20 hours. After washing with THF (3×1ml) and MeOH (3×1 ml), the resin suspended in 1 ml MeOH was heated at60° C. for 6 hours. The resulting resin (4) was washed with MeOH (4×1ml) and CH₂Cl₂ (4×1 ml) and dried in vacuo.

[0804] Propionyl chloride (28 μl, 0.322 mmol) was added to the Resin 4suspended in 1.5 ml CH₂Cl₂, and the mixture was agitated at roomtemperature for 24 hours. The mixture was filtered and washed withCH₂Cl₂ (2×1 ml). Removal of the volatiles under a stream of nitrogenfollowed by lyophilizing with 50% CH₃CN in water afforded the compound177 as colorless oil (9.0 mg, 53%). LRMS 369.

EXAMPLE 130 Solid-phase synthesis ofN-[1-(2-Methylphenethyl)-piperidine-3-ylmethyl]-N-phenyl-propionamide(178)

[0805]

[0806] Compound 178 was synthesized using a procedure similar to thatdescribed in Example 129. Compound 178 was obtained as colorless oil(8.3 mg, 50%). LRMS 365.

EXAMPLE 131 Chromatographic Separation of (R)- &(S)—N-(1-Phenethyl-azepan-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenethylpropionamide (179 &180)

[0807]

[0808] The enantiomers ofN-(1-Phenethyl-azepan-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenethylpropionamide (150) wereseparated on a 2 cm ID Chiralpak AD column (Column number ADOOCJ-AB009),using 92:8:0.1 Hexanes:EtOH:Et₂NH (λ=235 nm; flow rate=6 mL/min). On ananalytical Chiralpak AD column (using 95:5:0.1 Hexanes:EtOH:Et₂NH;flow=1 mL/min; λ=230 nm, run time=30 minutes), the first compound toelute from the column (9.871 min) was assigned 180 (S), and the secondcompound to elute from the column (22.826 min) was assigned 179 (R). Theabsolute configuration has not been determined conclusively.

EXAMPLE 132(R)—N-(1-tert-Butyloxypiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-anilinotrifluoroacetamide(181)

[0809]

[0810] A solution of the aniline intermediate (1.72 mmol, 500 mg) inCH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0° C. was treated with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA)(1.2 equiv, 2.06 mmol, 292 μL) and diisopropylethylamine (1.5 equiv,2.58 mmol, 450 μL) under Ar. After warming to 25° C. and stirring for 12h, the reaction mixture was quenched with 10% aqueous NaHCO₃. Thereaction mixture was then made acidic with 10% aqueous HCl and extractedwith 3×EtOAc (25 mL). Chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 1:4EtOAc-Hexane) provided 181 (655 mg, 665 mg theoretical, 98%) as acolorless oil: R_(f) 0.22 (SiO₂, 1:4 EtOAc-Hexane); LRMS m/z 386 (M⁺,C₁₉H₂₅F₃N₂O₃, requires 386).

EXAMPLE 133(R)—N-1-(phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-anilinotrifluoroacetamide(182)

[0811]

[0812] A solution of 181 (0.285 mmol, 110 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 50% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). The reaction mixture stirredfor 2 h. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the resulting oil wasdried under high vacuum for 12 h. The resulting oil was then treatedwith phenethyl bromide (2.0 equiv, 0.57 mmol, 78 μL) and K₂CO₃ (2.5equiv, 0.71 mmol, 98 mg) in CH₃CN (1 mL). The reaction mixture stirredfor 12 h at 60° C. The reaction mixture was purified directly bychromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 9:1 EtOAc-CH₃OH) whichprovided 182 (107 mg, 111 mg theoretical, 96%) as a colorless oil: R_(f)0.30 (SiO₂, 9:1 EtOAc-CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 390 (M⁺, C₂₂H₂₅F₃N₂O, requires390).

EXAMPLE 134 N-1-acetophenone-3-anilinocarboxypiperidine (183)

[0813]

[0814] A solution of the aminoamide (5.91 mmol) in CH₃CN (20 mL) wastreated with bromoacetophenone (1.1 equiv, 8.87 mmol, 1.23 g) and K₂CO₃(1.5 equiv, 8.87 mmol, 1.23 g) under Ar. After warming to 60° C. andstirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with 10% aqueousNaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL). Chromatography (SiO₂, 2.5cm×30.5 cm, 1:1 hexane-EtOAc then 9:1 EtOAc-CH₃OH) provided 183 (1.08 g,2.10 g theoretical, 51%) as a yellow foam: R_(f) 0.45 (SiO₂, 9:1EtOAc—CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 322 (M⁺, C₂₀H₂₂N₂O₂, requires 322).

EXAMPLE 135 N-1-(2′-oxo-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-aniline (184)

[0815]

[0816] A solution of 183 (0.775 mmol, 250 mg) in THF (3 mL) at 0° C. wastreated with 1.0 M BH₃-THF (2.0 equiv, 1.55 mmol) under Ar. The reactionmixture was then heated to 75° C. and allowed to stir for 12 h. Thereaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched with 10% aqueousHCl. The pH was adjusted to 10 with 10% aqueous NaOH and the reactionmixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL). The organics were dried withNaCl_((sat)) and MgSO_(4(s)). The reaction mixture was purified directlyby chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 9:1 EtOAc-CH₃OH) whichprovided 184 (184 mg, 241 mg theoretical, 76%) as a colorless oil: R_(f)0.40 (SiO₂, 9:1 EtOAc-CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 310 (M⁺, C₂₀H₂₆N₂O, requires310).

EXAMPLE 136N-1-(2′-acetoxy-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl-N-anilinopropionamide(185)

[0817]

[0818] A solution of 184 (0.58 mmol, 181 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) at 0° C.was treated with propionyl chloride (2.5 equiv, 1.45 mmol, 126 μL) anddiisopropylethylamine (2.5 equiv, 1.45 mmol, 253 μL) under Ar. Afterwarming to 25° C. and stirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture waspurified directly by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 1:1EtOAc-Hexane) which provided 185 (193 mg, 245 mg theoretical, 70%) as acolorless oil: R_(f) 0.36 (SiO₂, 1:1 EtOAc-Hexane); LRMS m/z 422 (M+,C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₃, requires 422).

EXAMPLE 137N-1-(2′-oxo-phenethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-anilinopropionamide (186)

[0819]

[0820] A solution of 185 (0.457 mmol, 193 mg) in THF—CH₃OH—H₂O 3:1:1(1mL) at 0° C. was treated with 1 M LiOH (2.0 equiv, 0.914 mmol, 914 μL).After warming to 25° C. and stirring for 3 h, the reaction mixture wasquenched with pH 7 buffer and then extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). Theorganics were dried with NaCl_((sat)) and MgSO_(4(s)). The resulting oilwas purified by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 9:1EtOAc-CH₃OH) to give 186 as a colorless oil (114 mg, 167 mg theoretical,68%): R_(f) 0.28 (SiO₂, 9:1 EtOAc -CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 366 (M⁺, C₂₃H₃₀N₂O₂,requires 366).

EXAMPLE 138 Synthesis and Purification of the Four Diastereomers ofN-[1-(1-phenethylpiperidin-3-yl)ethyl]-N-Phenylpropionamide (195, 196,197, 198)

[0821]

[0822] The starting mono-Boc-diamine (see Example 86) was separated intodiastereomers 187 and 188 using HPLC with a semi-prep silica gel column(Hexane:^(i)PrOH, 90:10). Diastereomer 187 was the first compound toelute from the column (7.72 min) (LRMS 305, 249, 205); while 188 was thesecond compound to elute from the column (8.43 min) (LRMS 305, 249,205).

[0823] Following standard procedures described elsewhere in theExemplification, diastereomers 187 and 188 were converted to thediastereomeric amides 189 and 190, respectively.

[0824] Using chiral chromatography, diastereomer 189 was then separatedinto its two constituent enantiomers, 191 and 192. Specifically, HPLCwith a semi-prep Chiralpak AD column (Hexane:^(i)PrOH, 95:5) was used toprovide 191 (the first compound to elute from the column) and 192 (thesecond compound to elute from the column). Using an analytical ChiralpakAD column (Hexane:^(i)PrOH, 95:5), the retention time for 191 was 8.35min (LRMS 261, M-100); while the retention time for 192 was 9.46 min(LRMS 261, M-100).

[0825] Likewise, diastereomer 190 was separated into its two constituentenantiomers, 193 and 194. Specifically, HPLC with a semi-prep ChiralpakAD column (Hexane:^(i)PrOH, 95:5) was used to provide 193 (the firstcompound to elute from the column) and 194 (the second compound to elutefrom the column). On an analytical Chiralpak AD column(Hexane:^(i)PrOH,95:5), the retention time for 193 was 7.78 min (LRMS 261, M-100); whilethe retention time for 194 was 11.90 min (LRMS 261, M-100).

[0826] Finally, following standard procedures described elsewhere in theExemplification, single enantiomers 191, 192, 193 and 194 were convertedto enantiomerically pure tertiary amine-amides 195 (LRMS 365), 196 (LRMS365), 197 (LRMS 365), and 198 (LRMS 365), respectively.

EXAMPLE 139 N-(1-Indan-2-yl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide(199)

[0827]

[0828] Trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution ofcompound (R)—N-(1-Boc-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide (200mg, 0.58 mmol) in 1.0 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. (ice-water). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. TLCshowed the reaction was complete. After removal of the solvents, thecrude product was used for next step without purification.

[0829] The crude compound from the previous step was dissolved in CH₃CN(1.3 mL) and K₂CO₃ (240 mg) and 2-iodoindan (283 mg, 1.16 mmol) wereadded. The mixture was heated at 50° C. overnight. The reaction mixturewas poured into 10 mL of H₂O, then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10mL). The extracts were combined and washed with aqueous NaOH (10%, 2×5mL), HCl (5%, 2×5 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, and filtered. The crude product was purified by a preparativethin layer chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5) to affordN-(1-Indan-2-yl-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-N-phenylpropionamide as acolorless oil. LRMS 363.

EXAMPLE 1401-[1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-cylobutanecarbonyl]-piperidine-3-carboxylic acidphenylamide (202)

[0830]

[0831] A solution of 200 (2.95 mmol, 603 mg),1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-cyclobutane carboxylic acid (201) (1.5 equiv, 4.43mmol, 932 mg) and iPr₂NEt (3.0 equiv, 8.85 mmol, 1.5 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (10mL) was treated with PyBroP (1.5 equiv, 4.43 mmol, 2.07 g) under Ar at0° C. After warming to 25° C. and stirring for 12 h, the reactionmixture was quenched with 10% aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×25mL). The organic layer was then washed with NaHCO₃ (sat) and dried withNaCl_((sat)) and MgSO_(4(s)). Chromatography (SiO₂, 2.5 cm×30.5 cm, 2:1hexane-EtOAc) provided 202 (0.851 g, 1.17 g theoretical, 73%) as a whitefoam: R_(f) 0.17 (SiO₂, 2:1 hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z 396 (M⁺,C₂₃H₂₅ClN₂O₂, requires 396).

EXAMPLE 141{1-[1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-cyclobutylmethyl]-piperidin-3-ylmethyl}-phenyl-amine(203)

[0832]

[0833] A solution of 202 (0.504 mmol, 200 mg) in Toluene (2 mL) at 0° C.was treated with 3.0 M Red-Al (3.5 equiv, 1.76 mmol) under Ar. Thereaction mixture stirred for 12 h and returned to 25° C. The reactionmixture was then cooled to 0° C., quenched with 10% aqueous NaOH andextracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL). The organics were dried withNaCl_((sat)) and Na₂SO_(4(s)). The reaction mixture was purified bychromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 2:1 hexane-EtOAc) whichprovided 203 (170 mg, 186 mg theoretical, 91%) as a colorless oil: R_(f)0.61 (SiO₂, 2:1 hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z 368 (M⁺, C₂₃H₂₉ClN₂, requires368).

EXAMPLE 142 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid{1-[1-(4-chloro-phenyl-cyclobutylmethyl]-piperidin-3-ylmethyl)-phenyl-amide(204)

[0834]

[0835] A solution of 203 (0.276 mmol, 102 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) at 0° C.was treated with cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride (1.5 equiv, 0.414 mmol, 50μL) and diisopropylethylamine (1.5 equiv, 0.414 mmol, 72 μL) under Ar.After warming to 25° C. and stirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture waspurified directly by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 8:1hexane-acetone) which provided 204 (100 mg, 124 mg theoretical, 81%) asa yellow oil: R_(f) 0.27 (SiO₂, 8:1 hexane-acetone); LRMS m/z 451 (M⁺,C₂₈H₂₅ClN₂O, requires 451).

EXAMPLE 143N-[1-(3-methylbutane)piperidin-3-R-ylmethyl]-N-(anilino-3-yl)propionamide(205)

[0836]

[0837] A solution of 138 (0.170 mmol, 65 mg) in CH₃OH (1 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 10% Pd—C (20 mg) and then placed under a hydrogenatmosphere. The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h and then was filteredthrough a pad of Celite. The solvents were removed in vacuo and theresulting oil was then treated with 1-bromo-3-methylbutane (1.5 equiv,0.255 mmol, 31 μL) and K₂CO₃ (1.5 equiv, 0.255 mmol, 35 mg) in CH₃CN(0.5 mL). The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h at 65° C. The reactionmixture was then purified directly by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20cm×20 cm, 1 mm, EtOAc10% CH₃OH) which provided 205 (36 mg, 54 mgtheoretical, 67%) as colorless oil: R_(f) 0.60 (SiO₂, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH);LRMS m/z 316 (M⁺, C₂₀H₃₂N₂O, requires 316).

EXAMPLE 144N-4-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-carbobenzyloxy[2-(2′-fluoroanilinocarboxy)]piperazine(206)

[0838]

[0839] A solution of 4-Boc-1-Cbz-piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (5.49mmol, 2.00 g) and 2-fluoroaniline (1.5 equiv, 8.24 mmol, 796 μL) inCH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) at 0° C. was treated with DCC (1.5 equiv, 8.24 mmol, 1.70g) under Ar. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. andstirred for 12 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered to remove theurea and the solvents were removed in vacuo. Chromatography (SiO₂, 2.5cm×30.5 cm, 3:1 hexane-EtOAc) to give 206 (1.83 g, 2.51 g theoretical,73%) as a white foam: R_(f) 0.11 (SiO₂, 3:1 hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z 457(M⁺, C₂₄H₂₈FN₃O₅, requires 457).

EXAMPLE 145N-4-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-Carbobenzyloxy[2-(2′-fluoroanilinomethyl)]piperazine(207)

[0840]

[0841] A solution of 206 (2.19 mmol, 1.00 g) in THF (8.0 mL) at 0° C.was treated with 1.0 M BH₃-THF (3.0 equiv, 6.57 mmol) under Ar. Thereaction mixture was then heated to 75° C. and allowed to stir for 12 h.The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched with 10%aqueous HCl. The pH was adjusted to 10 with 10% aqueous NaOH and thereaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL). The organics weredried with NaCl_((sat)) and MgSO_(4(s)). Chromatography (SiO₂, 2.5cm×30.5 cm, 3:1 hexane-EtOAc) to give 207 (0.744 g, 0.971 g theoretical,77%) as a colorless oil: R_(f) 0.35 (SiO₂, 3:1 hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z443 (M⁺, C₂₄H₃₀FN₃O₄, requires 443).

EXAMPLE 146N-(4-tert-Butyloxy-1-Carbobenzyloxypiperazin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2′-fluoroanilino)-cyclobutylcarboxamide(208)

[0842]

[0843] A solution of 207 (0.248 mmol, 110 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at 0° C.was treated with cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride (1.5 equiv, 0.779 mmol, 77μL) and diisopropylethylamine (2.0 equiv, 1.04 mmol, 181 μL) under Ar.After warming to 25° C. and stirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture waspurified directly by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 1:1hexane-EtOAc) which provided 208 (130 mg, 130 mg theoretical, 99%) as acolorless oil: R_(f) 0.45 (SiO₂, 1:1 hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z 525 (M⁺,C₂₉H₃₆FN₃O₅, requires 525).

EXAMPLE 147N-1-Methyl(4-tert-Butyloxypiperazin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2′-fluoroanilino)-cyclobutylcarboxamide(209)

[0844]

[0845] A solution of 208 (0.247 mmol, 130 mg) in CH₃OH (2.0 mL) at 25°C. was treated with 30% Pd—C (20 mg) and paraformaldehyde (74 mg) andthen placed under a hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture stirredfor 12 h and then was filtered through a pad of celite. The solventswere removed in vacuo and the resulting oil was purified bychromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, EtOAc-20% CH₃OH) whichprovided 209 (74 mg, 100 mg theoretical, 74%) as colorless oil: R_(f)0.58 (SiO₂, EtOAc-20% CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 405 (M⁺, C₂₂H₃₂FN₃O₃, requires405).

EXAMPLE 148N-1-Methyl(4-phenethyl-piperazin-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2′-fluoroanilino)-cyclobutylcarboxamide(210)

[0846]

[0847] Compound 209 (0.182 mmol, 74 mg) was treated with 50% TFA inCH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at 25° C. The reaction mixture stirred for 2 h. Thesolvents were removed in vacuo and the resulting oil was dried underhigh vacuum for 5 h. The resulting oil was then treated with phenethylbromide (2.0 equiv, 0.364 mmol, 50 μL) and K₂CO₃ (4.0 equiv, 0.728 mmol,100 mg) in CH₃CN (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h at 60°C. The reaction mixture was purified directly by chromatography (PTLC,SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH) which provided 210 (64 mg, 75mg theoretical, 85%) as colorless oil: R_(f) 0.46 (SiO₂, EtOAc-10%CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 409 (M⁺, C₂₅H₃₂FN₃O, requires 409).

EXAMPLE 149 N-1-carbobenzyloxy[3-(2′-methylanilino)carboxy]piperazine(211)

[0848]

[0849] A solution of Cbz-nipecotic acid (3.80 mmol, 1.00 g), o-toluidine(2.0 equiv, 7.60 mmol, 811 μL) and diisopropylethylamine (2.0 equiv,7.60 mmol, 1.3 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) at 0° C. was treated with BOP (2.0equiv, 7.60 mmol, 3.36 g) under Ar. The reaction mixture was allowed towarm to 25° C. and stirred for 12 h. The reaction mixture was quenchedwith 10% aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL). The organiclayer was then washed with NaHCO₃ (sat) and dried with NaCl _((sat)) andMgSO_(4 (s)). Chromatography (SiO₂, 2.5 cm×30.5 cm, 2:1 hexane-EtOAc)provided 211 (1.16 g, 1.34 g theoretical, 87%) as a white foam: R_(f)0.34 (SiO₂, 2:1 hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z 352 (M⁺, C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₃, requires352).

EXAMPLE 150 N-1-carbobenzyloxy[3-(2′-methylanilino)methyl]piperazine(212)

[0850]

[0851] A solution of 211 (0.567 mmol, 0.200 g) in THF (1.0 mL) at 0° C.was treated with 1.0 M BH₃-THF (2.0 equiv, 1.13 mmol) under Ar. Thereaction mixture was then heated to 80° C. and allowed to stir for 12 h.The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched with 10%aqueous HCl. The pH was adjusted to 10 with 10% aqueous NaOH and thereaction mixture was extracted with 3× EtOAc (25 mL). The organics weredried with NaCl _((sat)) and MgSO_(4 (s)). The reaction mixture waspurified by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 3:1hexane-EtOAc) which provided 212 (102 mg, 192 mg theoretical, 53%) as acolorless oil: R_(f) 0.54 (SiO₂, 3:1 hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z 338 (M⁺,C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₂, requires 338).

EXAMPLE 151N-(Carbobenzyloxypiperazin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(2′-methylanilino)cyclobutylcarboxamide(213)

[0852]

[0853] A solution of 212 (0.301 mmol, 102 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at 0° C.was treated with cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride (1.5 equiv, 0.452 mmol, 52μL) and diisopropylethylamine (1.5 equiv, 0.452 mmol, 79 μL) under Ar.After warming to 25° C. and stirring for 12 h, the reaction mixture waspurified directly by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm, 2:1hexane-EtOAc) which provided 213 (127 mg, 127 mg theoretical, 99%) as acolorless oil: R_(f) 0.16 (SiO₂, 2:1 hexane-EtOAc); LRMS m/z 420 (M⁺,C₂₁H₃₂N₂O₃, requires 420).

EXAMPLE 152N-(Phenethyl-piperazin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(2′-methylanilino)cyclobutylcarboxamide(214)

[0854]

[0855] A solution of 213 (0.302 mmol, 127 mg) in CH₃OH (1 mL) at 25° C.was treated with 30% Pd—C (25 mg) and then placed under a hydrogenatmosphere. The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h and then was filteredthrough a pad of celite. The solvents were removed in vacuo and theresulting oil was then treated with phenethyl bromide (1.5 equiv, 0.453mmol, 62 μL) and K₂CO₃ (2.0 equiv, 0.604 mmol, 83 mg) in CH₃CN (1.0 mL).The reaction mixture stirred for 12 h at 65° C. The reaction mixture wasthen purified directly by chromatography (PTLC, SiO₂, 20 cm×20 cm, 1 mm,EtOAc-10% CH₃OH) which provided 214 (51 mg, 118 mg theoretical, 43%) ascolorless oil: R_(f) 0.45 (SiO₂, EtOAc-10% CH₃OH); LRMS m/z 390 (M⁺,C₂₆H₃₄N₂O, requires 390).

Incorporation By Reference

[0856] All of the patents and publications cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference.

Equivalents

[0857] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertainusing no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to thespecific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalentsare intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

We claim:
 1. A compound represented by A:

wherein m is 1,2,3 or 4; n is 1 or 2; y is 1 or 2; R₁ represents alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; wherein any two instances of R₃ may be connected by a covalent tether whose backbone consists of 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; R₄ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂, S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂; a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ that is attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogen explicitly shown in A; any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may be connected through a covalent bond; X represents C(R₃)₂, O, S, SO, SO₂, NR₂, NC(O)OR₂, or C═O; and the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of a compound represented by A is R, S, or a mixture of these configurations.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein m is 2 or
 3. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is
 1. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein y is
 1. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and n is
 1. 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and n is
 1. 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and n is
 1. 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and y is
 1. 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and y is
 1. 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and y is
 1. 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 21. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 22. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 23. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 24. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 25. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 28. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 29. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 30. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 31. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 32. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 33. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 34. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 35. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 36. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 37. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 38. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 39. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 40. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 41. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 42. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 43. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 44. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; m is 2; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H; R₄ represents aryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 45. A compound represented by B:

wherein m is 1,2,3 or 4; n is 1 or 2; R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; wherein any two instances of R₃ may be connected by a covalent tether whose backbone consists of 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; R₄ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂, S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂; a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ that is attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogen explicitly shown in B; any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may be connected through a covalent bond; X represents C(R₃)₂, O, S, SO, SO₂, NR₂, NC(O)OR₂, or C═O; and the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of a compound represented by B is R or S.
 46. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O.
 47. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂.
 48. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂.
 49. The compound of claim 45, wherein m is 2 or
 3. 50. The compound of claim 45, wherein n is
 1. 51. The compound of claim 45, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 52. The compound of claim 45, wherein R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 53. The compound of claim 45, wherein R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 54. The compound of claim 45, wherein R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 55. The compound of claim 45, wherein R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 56. The compound of claim 45, wherein R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 57. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and n is
 1. 58. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and n is
 1. 59. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and n is
 1. 60. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 61. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 62. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 63. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 64. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 65. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 66. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 67. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 68. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 69. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 70. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 71. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 72. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 73. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 74. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 75. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 76. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 77. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 78. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 79. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 80. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 81. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 82. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 83. The compound of claim 45, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 84. A compound represented by C:

wherein m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; y is 0,1 or 2; R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; R₄ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂, S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂; a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ that is attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogen explicitly shown in C; any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may be connected through a covalent bond; and the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of a compound represented by C is R, S, or a mixture of these configurations.
 85. The compound of claim 84, wherein m is 2 or
 3. 86. The compound of claim 84, wherein y is
 1. 87. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 88. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 89. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 90. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 91. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 92. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₁ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 93. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 94. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 95. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 96. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 97. The compound of claim 84, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 98. A compound represented by D:

wherein m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; y is 0, 1 or 2; R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; R₄ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂, S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂; a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ that is attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogen explicitly shown in D; any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may be connected through a covalent bond; and the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of a compound represented by D is R or S.
 99. The compound of claim 98, wherein m is 2 or
 3. 100. The compound of claim 98, wherein y is
 1. 101. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 102. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 103. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 104. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 105. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 106. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 107. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 108. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 109. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 110. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 111. The compound of claim 98, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 112. A compound represented by E:

wherein m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; n is 1 or 2; R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; wherein any two instances of R₃ may be connected by a covalent tether whose backbone consists of 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; R₄ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂, S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR₂)₂; a covalent bond may connect R, and an instance of R₅ or R₆ that is attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogen explicitly shown in E; any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may be connected through a covalent bond; X represents C(R₃)₂, O, S, SO, SO₂, NR₂, NC(O)OR₂, or C═O; and the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of a compound represented by E is R, S, or a mixture of these configurations.
 113. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O.
 114. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂.
 115. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂.
 116. The compound of claim 112, wherein m is 2 or
 3. 117. The compound of claim 112, wherein n is
 1. 118. The compound of claim 112, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 119. The compound of claim 112, wherein R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 120. The compound of claim 112, wherein R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 121. The compound of claim 112, wherein R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 122. The compound of claim 112, wherein R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 123. The compound of claim 112, wherein R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 124. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and n is
 1. 125. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and n is
 1. 126. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and n is
 1. 127. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 128. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 129. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 130. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 131. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 132. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 133. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 134. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 135. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 136. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 137. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 138. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 139. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 140. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 141. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 142. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 143. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 144. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 145. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 146. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 147. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 148. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, NR₂, or C═O; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 149. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂, O, or NR₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 150. The compound of claim 112, wherein X is C(R₃)₂; n is 1; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 151. A compound represented by F:

wherein m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; y is 0, 1, or 2; R₁ represents H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁ and R₂ may be connected through a covalent bond; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, OR₂, OC(O)R₂, CH₂OR₂, or CO₂R₂; R₄ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, CH₂Y, aryl, heteroaryl, F, OR₂, or OC(O)R₂; Y represents independently for each occurrence OR₂, N(R₂)₂, SR₂, S(O)R₂, S(O)₂R₂, or P(O)(OR)₂; a covalent bond may connect R₄ and an instance of R₅ or R₆ that is attached to the carbon chain between R₄ and the ring nitrogen explicitly shown in F; any two geminal or vicinal instances of R₅ and R₆ may be connected through a covalent bond; X represents O, S, SO, SO₂, NR₂, NC(O)OR₂, or C═O; and the stereochemical configuration at any stereocenter of a compound represented by F is R, S, or a mixture of these configurations.
 152. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O.
 153. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂.
 154. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂.
 155. The compound of claim 151, wherein m is 2 or
 3. 156. The compound of claim 151, wherein y is
 1. 157. The compound of claim 151, wherein R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 158. The compound of claim 151, wherein R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 159. The compound of claim 151, wherein R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 160. The compound of claim 151, wherein R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 161. The compound of claim 151, wherein R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 162. The compound of claim 151, wherein R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 163. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O; and y is
 1. 164. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂; and y is
 1. 165. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂; and y is
 1. 166. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 167. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 168. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂; and R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl.
 169. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 170. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 171. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 172. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence allyl.
 173. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 174. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; and R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl.
 175. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 176. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence allyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or allyl.
 177. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence allyl; and R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl.
 178. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 179. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 180. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; and R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 181. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 182. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 183. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 184. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O, NR₂, or C═O; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 185. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is O or NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 186. The compound of claim 151, wherein X is NR₂; R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence alkyl; R₃ represents independently for each occurrence H or alkyl; R₄ represents cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F; and R₆ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or F.
 187. The compound of claim 1, 84, 112, or 151, wherein said compound is a single stereoisomer.
 188. A formulation, comprising a compound of claim 1, 45, 84, 98, 112, or 151; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 189. The compound of claim 1, 45, 84, 98, 112, or 151, wherein said compound is a ligand for a cellular receptor.
 190. The compound of claim 189, wherein said compound is a ligand for a G-protein-coupled receptor.
 191. The compound of claim 189, wherein said compound is a ligand for an opioid receptor.
 192. The compound of claim 190, wherein said compound is an agonist of a G-protein-coupled receptor.
 193. The compound of claim 190, wherein said compound is an antagonist of a G-protein-coupled receptor.
 194. The compound of claim 191, wherein said compound is an agonist of an opioid receptor.
 195. The compound of claim 191, wherein said compound is an antagonist of an opioid receptor.
 196. The compound of claim 190, wherein said compound is a ligand which is selective for a subclass of G-protein-coupled receptor.
 197. The compound of claim 191, wherein said compound is a ligand which is selective for a subclass of opioid receptor.
 198. A method of treating pain, drug addiction, or tinnitus in a mammal, comprising the step of: administering to a mammal with pain, drug addiction, or tinnitus an effective amount of a formulation of claim
 188. 199. The method of claim 198, wherein said mammal is a primate, equine, canine or feline.
 200. The method claim 198, wherein said mammal is a human.
 201. The method of claim 198, wherein said formulation is administered orally.
 202. The method of claim 198, wherein said formulation is administered intravenously.
 203. The method of claim 198, wherein said formulation is administered sublingually.
 204. The method of claim 198, wherein said formulation is administered ocularly. 